The Tragedy of Self-Awareness in Native Son Essay Example for Free

The Tragedy of Self-Awareness in Native Son Essay Richard Wright’s Native Son is about the cost of suffering and sacrifices which one man, defined as the Other from the mainstream of society, must pay in order to live as a full human being in a world that denies him the right to live with dignity. As a social being, Bigger Thomas is completely deprived himself because he is unable to find his social and self-esteemed values both in the stunted ghetto life and in the oppression of racist society. Therefore, the only way Bigger can express himself is through violence and rebellion: Wright views Bigger’s tragic destiny as the evidence which directly reflects the violence of a racist society. Eventually, in Native Son, Wight’s accusation is directed toward the systematized oppression applied by the white people, designed to keep the blacks from advancing and attaining their fullest potentialities. Wright’s major purpose in Native Son is to show how tyrannical racist society oppresses the external and internal condition of Bigger Thomas, and how Bigger’s existence is distorted in that oppressive condition. Under the external oppression, black people come to inevitably go through an inner refraction, extremely internalizing the external oppression into the self, at the same time. On that account, self-hatred, shame and impotence are produced. Bigger’s existence, also, is perverted from not only his harsh reality but his own stunted inner-self. Under this dehumanizing condition, he has to be â€Å"a dispossessed and disinherited man,† and has to struggle for his existence even by means of radical violent actions (Wright 466). The deep-rooted discordance induces an inner-refraction, and promotes the fundamental fear of self. That concretely appears in the phase of Bigger who has to observe his family’s suffering, and suffers from confirming his powerlessness. As for Bigger or other black people, fear means poor, incapable and furious. At the same time, fear is an anxious state of mind that he/she is afraid that him/herself is really such a person. This is the heart of the fear that blacks, including Bigger, feel, and that Wright wants to warn of. Similarly, in the case of Bigger, being confronted with the problematic condition, he is unwilling to confirm in his mind that he is valueless: â€Å"Each time he asked himself that question his mind hit a blank wall and he stopped thinking† (Wright 12). In order not to directly see his reality, Bigger suspends his thinking from the unbearable and repetitious everyday-life. Therefore, wastefully he just spends most of time in the trivial matters such as deciding to â€Å"buy a ten-cent magazine, or go to a movie, or go to the poolroom and talk with the gang, or just loaf around† (Wright 13). The following description well shows Bigger’s unconscious desire to look away from a grim reality. He stretched his arms above his head and yawned; his eyes moistened. The sharp precision of the world of steel and stone dissolved into blurred waves. He blinked and the world grew hard again, mechanical, distinct (Wright 16). What Bigger wants is an escape from the â€Å"mechanical† and â€Å"distinct† society (Wright 16). Thus, he wants to see the distinct boundary of society to be blurred even in the short moment of yawning. He feels comfort in the instant moment that sharp distinction of reality is blunt. The comfort, however, offered by temporary optical illusion, vanishes even simply by a blink. This kind of escapist-inclination is also revealed in the cases of Mrs. Thomas or Bigger’s girlfriend, Bessie. Mrs. Thomas retreats into conventional religion because she is unable to handle the harsh reality. Likewise, Bessie is frequently anesthetized by alcohol, swing music, and sex because she is afraid to realize herself, completely trapped by white-centered society. In relation to Bigger, he is momentarily satisfied with constructing his own fantasy: indulging in movies, dreaming of robbing a white-owned store, and playing white, â€Å"referring to a game of play-acting in which he and his friends imitated the ways and manners of white folks† (Wright 17). Everyone in the novel is described literally or figuratively as blind people, from the state’s attorney, Buckley, whose sight is prejudiced by virulent racism, to Mrs. Dalton, whose blindness is actual as well as symbolic. As Brignano states, the world of Native Son is essentially â€Å"a world divided by a color curtain† (38), and no one ever really sees Bigger. Instead, they see what they believe because the blind people are â€Å"seduced by social stereotypes into seeing myth rather than the individual† (Felgar 100). Before Bigger kills Bessie, he rapes her. He is not conscious that he is raping her because the meaning of rape for him is much different from its general notion. When Bessie said to him that â€Å"they’ll say you raped her,† Bigger effaces a physical part from the concept of rape, and he replaces it with a psychological part: Had he raped her? Yes, he had raped her. Every time he felt as he had felt that night, he raped. But rape was not what one did to women. Rape was what one felt when one’s back was against a wall and one had to strike out, whether one wanted to or not, to keep the pack from killing one. He committed rape every time he looked into a white face. He was a long, taut piece of rubber which a thousand white hands had stretched to the snapping point, and when he snapped it was rape. But it was rape when he cried out in hate deep in his heart as he felt the strain of living day by day. That, too, was rape (Wright 227-228). Bigger has no regard to Bessie’s continuous rejection because, for him, rape means both an irresolvable fury toward white people and the ineffaceable humiliation of black life. In addition, because he is completely immersed in his desire to do and to fulfill something, Bessie’s protests are utterly ignored in his consciousness: â€Å"Her voice came to him now from out of a deep, faraway silence and he paid her no heed. The loud demand of the tensity of his own body was a voice that drowned out hers† (Wright 233). Contrary to Bigger’s elated state. Social reality is growing ever more hostile to black people because of his crime. Five thousand policemen are thrown about Black Belt, many windows in the Negro section are smashed, all white schools are scheduled to be closed until the black murderer is captured, and several hundred black employees throughout the city are dismissed from jobs. Especially, Bigger realizes again the blind, inhuman and white-centered attitudes of society after being captured by policemen. At a court room in the Cook Country Morgue, what Bigger comes to feel is not a sense of guilt but rebellion, which arises against the fact that he has to be degraded into the sport for whites even in the moment of confronting death. Bigger think white people have no right to watch and use him for whatever they want: He sensed that in their attitude toward him they had gone beyond hate. He was their eyes gazing at him with calm conviction. Though he could not have put it into wo rds, he felt that not only had they resolved to put him to death, but that they were determined to make his death mean more than a mere punishment; that they regarded him as a figment of that black world which they feared and were anxious to keep under control. The atmosphere of the crowd told him that they were going to use his death as a bloody symbol of fear to wave before the eyes of that black world (Wright 276). Especially, Bigger seriously contemplates himself and the meaning of his life through the conversation with Max. The dialogue makes Bigger perceive relationships between himself and other people that he has never thought of: If that white looming mountain of hate were not a mountain at all, but people, people like himself, and like Jan—then he was faced with a high hope the like of which he had never thought could be, and a despair the full depths of which he knew he could not stand to feel (Wright 361). Faced with impending death, Bigger is aware of why he had to kill other people, and of what he did not know: But really I never wanted to hurt nobody†¦ They was crowding me too close; they wouldn’t give me no room†¦ I was always wanting something and I was feeling that nobody would let me have it†¦ I’ll be feeling and thinking that they didn’t see me and I didn’t see them (Wright 425). â€Å"I didn’t want to kill!† Bigger shouted. â€Å"But what I keeled for, I am!†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"What I killed for must’ve been good! When a man kills, it’s for something†¦. I didn’t know I was really alive in this world until I felt things hard enough to kill for’em†¦. It’s the truth† (Wright 429). Bigger’s statement, â€Å"What I killed for I am!,† shows the awareness of his whole personality (Wright 429). It is not an irresponsible excuse but a painful acknowledgement of himself. Bigger does not assert his violent act of murder is good because he has regretted such violence by realizing, in guilt and horror, how it has hurt many innocent people. Ultimately, Bigger himself comprehends that he has been distorted, alienated and blinded his whole life. Equally, he realizes too much suffering and sacrifices have been paid in order to achieve his self. Apparently, Bigger’s tragedy lies in that he fails to grasp the proper moment of life, recognizing himself as a full human being, and he only comes to grasp that moment on the day of his execution. His awareness is too late. In addition, the total awareness was possible in the condition that all the other opportunities were deprived by confinement in prison except death: Waiting to die, Bigger discards all hopes for living, because he does not have to resist being oppressed by a racist society and to fear being cornered by a harsh environment. What Bigger achieves is not the splendid thing that all the people would try to gladly attain and assimilate. However, Bigger’s desperate struggle to achieve the meaning of his existence cannot be simply considered as a trivial and monstrous thing, even though the achievement has originated from violence and rebellion. Bigger’s self-awareness is important in both personal an social respects. For, in the personal dimension, Bigger continuously attempts to realize his existence, resists not to be a mere environmental victim, and he torturously achieves his inward life that makes him understand other people as well as himself until the last moment of his life. And in the social dimension, the problems of Bigger transcend the limit of race, and present with reconsiderations to think about other oppressed people in society. In the end, the tragedy of Bigger Thomas clearly shows the painful process of self-awareness of one human being who suffers from the oppression of social prejudice, and struggles to find his human value. In Native Son, violence of whites and blacks is directed toward each other. The society, stained with hostility and discrimination, prevents people from realizing their full potential as human beings and excludes them from full and equal participation in society. In such condition, like in the case of Bigger Thomas, self-realization can only come through violence. Finally, the destruction from such violence is mutual: What becomes the tragedy of an individual ultimately leads to the tragedy of society.

Benefits and Limitations of Distance Learning Essay -- Education Educa

Benefits and Limitations of Distance Learning Distance Learning Defined Technology is restructuring many aspects of education. An example of this phenomenon is distance education. Distance learning is defined as " the practice of educating learners who are separated from the teacher or trainer and each other by space, time, or both" (Moller 115). Distance education occurs in a non-classroom setting when students participate in course discussions, exercises, and receive assessment from the instructor by utilizing technology such as video conferencing, audiographics, CD-ROM, and Web-based media (Welsh 41). Furthermore distance learning programs are becoming increasingly popular at academic institutions and corporations. Most importantly these programs are offering learning opportunities for people that are normally restricted by class time and space (McHenry & Bozik 21). Many educators and administrators are beginning to comprehend the impact of distance learning. In fact the American Council on Education predicts there will be more distance learning classes offered. John Noon writes in Syllabus, ‘Distance learning courses are offering students new flexibility in course and even campus selection, causing many institutions to begin redefining themselves’ (McHenry & Bozik 20). For example the University of Phoenix, a for-profit university, offers distance learning classes to 50,000 students spanning 12 states. Additionally Britain’s Open University will align itself with several universities in the United States and will start classes this year (Markel 208). Thus distance education is ‘currently the fastest growing form of domestic and international education’ (Boling & Robinson 169). Annually corporations sp... ...learning classroom design on student perceptions. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45 (4), 5-19. Langford, D. R., & Hardin, S. (1999). Distance learning: Issues emerging as the paradigm shifts. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12 (3), 191-196. McHenry, L. & Bozik, M. (1997). From a distance: Student voices from the interactive video classroom. TechTrends, 42 (6), 20-24. Markel, M. (1999). Distance education and the myth of the new pedagogy. Journal ofBusiness and Technical Communication, 13 (2), 208-222. Moller, L. (1998). Designing communities of learners for asynchronous distance education. Educational Technology Research and Development, 46 (4), 115-122. Welsh, T., M. (1999). Implications of distributed learning for instructional designers:How will the future affect the practice? Educational Technology, 39 (2), 41-45.

Software Engineering Assignments

1.For each of the following documents, indicate in which phse(s) of the software life cycle it is produced: final user manual, architectural design, SQA plan, module specification, source code, statement of work, test plan, preliminary user annual, detailed design, cost estimate, project plan, test report, documentation.2.Order the following tasks in terms of the waterfall model: acceptance testing, project planning, unit testing, requirements review, cost estimating, high level design, market analysis, low-level design, systems testing, design review, implementation, requirement specification.3.How does a phased life cycle model assist software management?SOFTWARE METRICS1.What is McCabe’s cyclomatic number? Determine the same for:2.In Halstead’s metrices, what is the significance of : (i)operators and operands (ii)potential operands, (iii)Length (iv)Estimated length (v)Volume (vi)Potential volume (vii)Implementation Level3.How is effort and time calculated in Halstead method?4.Why is the number of decisions + 1 an important method for calculating McCabe’s cyclomatic no.? (Ans: It would be very time consuming to have to construct the control flow graph for large programs).5.Why is monotonicity an important characteristic of a size or effort metric such as Halstead’s effort metric? (Ans: If adding more code can cause the value of the effort metric to decrease, then the metric’s behavior is not understandable. It may also mean that the metric is manipulated).6.Why is complexity not readily measurable? (Ans: Complexity is not well defined and each one has different interpretation. It is interaction between person and code that makes it difficult to define). 7.Calculate McCabe’s complexity on the following source code. Draw a control flow graph. Read x,y,z;Type = ‘scalene’; If(x= =y or x= =z or y = =x) type = ‘isosceles’; If(x= =y or x= =z) type ‘equilateral’; If(x> =y+z or y > =x+z o r z>= x+y)) type ‘not a triangle’; If(x< =0 or y< =0 or| z

Internet Banking System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3149 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Internet banking system has become widely popular and used among many consumers. There is much debate as to whether internet banking system is secure. This essay argues that client, data transport and banks server are important players in terms of internet banking security. This essay demonstrates some vulnerability of these sections and shows successful solutions. This essay concludes that risks of using internet banking system can be restricted. Introduction Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internet Banking System" essay for you Create order There has been much discussion on the issue of whether banks systems are able to prevent the risks of using the internet that offer to consumers the opportunity to interact with their banking activities. In addition, whether banks customers are ready to start using the internet to access to their banking records. Online Electronic banking systems give customers the opportunity to interact with their banking records. Customers can easily access their banking records and make some activities such as money transfers between users account, retrieving an account balance, retrieving an account history, bills payment, stock market transactions and other activities. As with any other system, E-banking evolves, whereas it starts with Automated Teller Machine (ATM), the first well-known system, which allows the customers to deal with banking services via friendly graphical user interface. The next step, the customers have been managed their accounts by using phone banking. Then, the internet has been provided a new way to both banks systems and customers to interact together by using friendly interface browser. Currently, mobile phones can be used to perform Electronic banking. Hole et al (2006) point out that banks encourage their customers to use online banking to save cost and reduce their employees. He suggests that banks customers seem to believe that internet banking is safe because their banks told them that. However, Claessens et al (2002) estimated that money saving is not the case for banks, while offer 24 hours 7 days online services to the customer with level of security standards is banks trend. This essay attempts to investigate whether online banking has been developing to be generally secure. This essay will argue that in terms of internet banking security, there are three sections play an important role which are client side, data transport (the communication between client and server) and server side. If these sections or one of them have any weaknesses then the data is insecure. However, there is always risk even though these sections are generally secure. In order to demonstrate this, this essay will first describe client side problems and how to overcome these problems. Then the security of the communication between client and server has been discussed. Finally, the essay has been addressed server issues and how these issues are avoided. 1. Client side issues: This section attempts to identify some particular problems in client side security. In order to highlight these problems the internet banking structure is defined. Then, some problems might face users and some solutions to resolve these problems are addressed. In this essay, the term user refers to a physical person while the term client refers to a machine and software for the user. 1.1 Internet banking structure it is clear that there are two parts with respect to internet banking structure: the user and the bank. Once the user has a PC and network connection the most common way to connect with banks server is Web browser, although some banks are offered alternative application, more secure and reliable, to communicate with their clients customers which called stand-alone client/server application (Claessens et al, 2002). He has commented that to avoid clients Web browser problems and vulnerable security, banks often deploy a Java applet so that can be downloaded from banks website. It is widely believed that this applet is a small software code that executes in clients browser and provides extra security. Another advantage of download Java applet is that clients are able to download automatically a new updates of the software (Claessens et al, 2002). In other words, Banks do not need to deploy new updates in old-fashioned way. The standard protocol for communication between the browser and the banks web server that often used is Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS). Claessens et al (2002) have noted that this protocol is used either in stand-alone application or ordinary clients browser to provide security. However, (Hole et at, 2006) point out that there is a weak link between clients browser and Java applet. He has suggested that this weak link might allow attackers or fraudsters to steal users banking account details. Nonetheless, Java applet has been developing to fix vulnerabilities by Netscape lab (Netscape Lab, 2008). Moreover, users often have been advised to install firewall and anti-virus software in their PCs and make sure their anti-virus and firewall are up-to-date. However, there is always risk even thought anti-virus and firewall has been installed such as phishing email scams, Keylogger program and other hazards. Therefore, it seems that Java applet or stand-alone application presents some hazards in internet banking system. 1.2 Phishing email scams and Keylogger programmes Phishing email is a fraudulent email that users are received and ask them to confirm information such as internet banking user ID and password (Hole et al, 2006). The aim of such this email to take the users log in details, either the email is replied log on details by the user or is directed the user to spoof websites and then someone else can access to the user account. Hole et al (2006) point out that this issue subject to controversies between to some who are against using internet banking and others with using internet banking. Another problem that supports people who are against using internet banking is Keylogger programmes (Loscocco, 1998). It can be identified the Keylogger programmes as a virus that can record any presses on the users keyboard. As a result, an attacker can exploit this type of programs to obtain sensitive information. However, it seems reasonable to suggest that frauds exist even in real life not only in the cyber world. Moreover, users can protect themselves against phishing by following the instructions that are given by their banks (Ghosh, 2000). Nonetheless, it is clear that phishing email scams and Keylogger programmes are considered as a serious problem; therefore, it can be affect the security of client. 1.3 Attraction versus security Another problem of internet banking security is that banks systems normally provide minimum levels of security for client side and rely on clients software that is already available (Hole et al, 2006). Hole et al (2006) has also suggested that this makes the internet banking service more attractive, but it might affect the levels of security that this service is offered. Another problem in terms of internet banking security is that typical client platforms are often very vulnerable (Loscocco, 1989). He, therefore, suggests that vulnerable client platform subject to attack more than server platform due to it is the weak link. As, however, is mentioned above up-to-date Java applet or stand-alone application is downloaded from banks website seems to provide extra security. Moreover, hazards of using internet banking should be explained to users. Nonetheless, there is always risk but if security in place can be overcome to a certain extent. 2. Data transport issues This section focuses on the security of the communication between the client and the banks server as an important part in terms of internet banking security. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology in this section is presented. Some other issues such as spoofed web site, Certificate Authority and other issues related to the communication security between the client and the banks server are addressed. 2.1 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) The communication between a client and a server in World Wide Web is inherently insecure (Ghosh, 2000). He has explained that when a message (or packet) travels from source to destination through the internet, it is directed by a number of unknown intermediate sites. Consequently, any invisible intermediary can read, destroy or modify the packet. He has shown that the most common protocol that often used to transfer data is Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control protocol (TCP). Moreover, a combination of TCP/IP is inherently insecure and gives hackers a chance to read datas transmissions between source and destination. Furthermore, TCP/IP does not support data integrity, privacy, confidentiality and non-repudiation. He has estimated that TCP/IP was designed in a simple way to make as sure as possible that it is consistent with most hardware and software which exist in the internet. It provides reliable communication of packets but does not provide security (Ghosh, 2000). Confid ential data should not be sent unless a secure channel is established (Ghosh, 2000). However, Claessens (2002) has demonstrated that Netscape Lab has been working to institute SSL protocol to establish a secure channel for transferred data between Web clients and Web servers. He also shows that SSL is simply another protocol stack which rides on the top of the TCP/IP stack to provide secure communication, authentication of the server and data integrity of the packet. Ghosh (2000) has shown that SSL provides the security by encrypting the data that is sent between a Web client and Web server. He also shows that SSL protocol is attached to the protocol stack to secure the packet against hacking that may occur when the packet is traveling through the internet. He also demonstrates that although any intermediary may be able to see the packet in transmission, the encryption will mix up the data so that cannot be noticed. Nonetheless, SSL provides a secure channel with regard to data communication between client and server but does not secure data that are placed on client and server (Ghosh, 2000). Therefore, although SSL protocol has not been presented a perfect solution, it can prevent the most risks that might be occurred when a data in transmission. 2.2 Certificate Authority In addition to securing the channel between Web client and Web server via encryption, SSL provides servers authentication. This means that when a user hit a banks website, the Web client browser is guaranteed that the server has been certified by a Certification Authority (CA). Claessens et al (2002) has shown certificates are usually built-in with the Web browsers installation. It is clear that the CA approves the identity of the Web server. This means that a user can be sure of the identity of the Web site (or Web server) which they interact with. Ghosh (2000) has demonstrated that in order to support connection security, trust and authentication, a Web site must register with a certification authority that exists on the CAs list in the users browser. Once a Web site is registered and the identity is defined with a CA, the CA then establishes the identity of the web site and private key (Ghosh, 2000). However, Ghosh (2002) has shown that CA endorses only the identity of the Web site and not the content. It is possible that a Web site might be registered with a CA under one name and address whereas it presents itself as another in the content (Ghosh, 2002). To explain more, assume a Web site that registered with a CA under the URL www.hscb.org. A user visiting this site, seeing the banner for HSCB bank and seeing a secure session was established with authentication (e.g. Lock Icon); assume that the Web site is the official HSBC site (www.hscb.com) while the site may be created by an attacker organisation (Ghosh,2000). Ghosh (2002) has demonstrated that although such situations are rarely occurred, it has occurred in practice. Therefore, the hazards are exist in terms of the communication security even though CA attempts to limit it. 2.3 Web spoofing It is possible to use spoofed web site to fool the user (Ghosh, 2000). He has identified that a spoofed web site is a fraudulent web site is designed to appear similar to a legal web site. He also shows that it is usually created by an attacker organisation for the reason that users may visit their web sites by mistake or by mistyping the address. He has also shown another type of Web spoofing that attackers occasionally attempt to attack a banks web site and forward its internet traffic to their own web sites. These web sites are very similar to the official bank web site and then they attempt to take the users banking details. Ghosh (2000) has demonstrated that an attacker organisation has the ability to capture, modify or drop Web requests because Web requests and returned Web pages might be managed by the attacker organisations web sites (see section 2.1). Consequently, all Web requests from a users browser might be watched and altered. Ghosh (2000) has illustrated how the users can be accessed into a shadowy web site as follow: First step, an attacker attempts to attract a user to hit the attacker organisations web site. Once the user has been accessed to attackers Web site, every web site access from the attackers page then can be traced during the same session. However, it seems that users can distinguish this kind of Web spoofing attack by checking the certificate of the Web site. Moreover, users always pay attention to the URLs when they connect with Web sites. Furthermore, banks often make users aware of spoofed Web sites. Nonetheless it seems reasonable to suggest that inexperience user might log on in spoofed web site. Therefore, it is clear that spoofed web site also bring another risk for using internet banking system. 3. Server issues This section focuses especially on the security issues of the banks server as an important player in internet banking system. The methods that use to verify the identity of a client to provide extra security in internet banking service in this section are presented. The banks server problems that may be faced such as Denial-of-Service attack, Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) attack and Brute-force attack are discussed. 3.1 Authentication mechanism The authentication methods that use to authenticate banks server are presented (see section 2.2). However, it seems clear that banks server should also make sure that received data is real and from an authorised client. Ghosh (2000) has shown the two techniques, either one of them or all of them, which are used by banks server to authenticate the client. He has suggested that most banks servers depend on IP address and client host name method to verify the identity of the client. It is widely believed that using IP address and client host name one of the most basic techniques that used to make sure of the identity of client. Ghosh (2000) has shown that banks server can use IP address and client host name to make sure that requests are received from an authorized client by using the Domain Name Services (DNS). The DNS can be used by banks server in order to check that the clients IP address and clients host name that have been sent are identical (Ghosh, 2000). It is often argued that banks server, to provide more authentication, can use DNS table to check that clients IP address agree with clients host name. However, it seems that there is a particular problem in using IP address and client host name technique which can affect the security of banks server as well as it does not present a good level of authentication. The problem, acco rding to Claessens (2002), is that attackers can create a fake host name to fool the banks server. Then, it is possible that banks server allows the attacker to access a sensitive Web page as a trust client. Therefore, this flaw of using IP address and host name technique can cause a significant problem that might affect the security of banks server. Nonetheless, it is clear that banks servers are overcome this problem by using SSL protocol. Claessens (2002) has shown another technique can be used by banks server to verify the clients identity which is user name and password. It can be said that most banks systems rely on user name and password method in order to authenticate the clients identity as well as confirm clients requests. User authentication will start first by creating a database file for authorized users with their user name and password (Ghosh, 2002). He has also shown that in most cases this file is stored in the banks Web server with user names and encrypted passwords to keep it away from an unauthorized user. Moreover, clients user names often are established by internet banking system administrators and then they are allowed their client to choose their secret passwords. However, there are some particular problems in using user name and password method which can affect the security of the internet banking system particularly in terms of the authentication of client. One of these problems is that many us ers often tend to select a password that easy to remember as well as easy to guess such as their mothers name, their middles name or their date of birth (Ghosh, 2002). He has also suggested another problem of using user name and password method which is, a cracker first can create a small software code to hack the banks server for capturing the database file that include the user names and encrypted passwords, and then the cracker can run a password guessing software that use to attempt to guess any users password. It can be suggested that once any passwords are guessed, it can be used to access an banks customer account, what are probably, change the password or even worse transfer money to an unknown party. Nonetheless, it is often argued that users are often advised to pick a complicated password that might contain a mixture of numbers and character which is hard to be guessed. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay has argued that despite the security problems and hazards it has been presented of using the internet to perform banking transactions, users, banks and computer security experts have significantly involved to practice security methods against the people who look behind the shoulder. As with any system, internet banking system has developed to meet security requirements despite the difficulties it faces. Therefore, it is clear that although practicing sensitive activities through the internet such as internet banking activities might bring many risks to banks and users, these risks can be limited to a certain extent. Issues of internet security have long been a problem for governments, organisations and even individuals as it is a mouse and cat game between legal organisations and illegal organisations. However, it is clear that this game will not finish until a great solution is presented in the future. References [1] Claessens, J Dem, V De Cock, D 2002 , On the Security of Todays: Online Electronic Banking Systems. [2] Ghosh, K 2000, E-Commerce Security: Weak Links, Best Defenses. [3] Hole, J Moen, V Tjostheim, T 2007 , Case Study: Online Banking Security. [4] Loscocco, A 1998 , The Flawed Assumption of Security in Modern Computing Environment. [5] Netscape Lab 2008 , www.netscape.com [6] Smith, D 2006 , Exploring Security and comfort issues associated with online banking.

Persuasive Speech Dangers of Smoking Essay - 629 Words

Persuasive Speech Dangers of Smoking Specific Purpose: To inform the audience of the dangers of smoking and persuade them not to. Introduction: 1. Did you know that smoking is the number one preventable cause of death in the United States? 2. According to cancer.org there is 440,000 deaths a year caused by tobacco. 3. On average every smoker costs their employer almost 2,000 dollars a year in lost labor. By the end of the speech, the audience will be informed about the dangers of smoking and persuade those who smoke to stop smoking. 1. A smoker’s point of view on smoking. A. Why do Smokers smoke? a. According to Matthew, smokers smoke to relieve stress. b. It gives†¦show more content†¦c. Smoking kills your nerve endings making it very hard to taste or smell. d. Your circulation is decreased making hard to do everyday activities including walking. 4. Withdrawals are the hardest part of quitting. a. Withdrawals are both physical and mental. b. It is easy to make excuses to smoke such as â€Å"oh I’ll just have one,† however when you begin to give in to one of these excuses you need to realize that you are and avoid the temptation. c. Changing everyday routines can also help. d. Things such as the route you take to work can trigger an urge to smoke. e. Instead of taking a smoke break from your homework maybe take a video game break. f. Giving yourself prizes or rewards for doing good can also help to quit. g. Even the shortest amount of time that you quit can impr ove your health h. For example in 20 minutes of not smoking your heart rate and blood pressure drops i. In 12 hours, the carbon monoxide in your blood drops to normal j. In 2 weeks to 3 months your circulation improves and your lung function increases. Conclusion: Smoking can be very detrimental to your health and make your life uncomfortable but it is possible to quit. 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The Importance Of A Career Education - 1189 Words

College is a costly but worthwhile endeavor that any high school graduate should strive for. But the question on most high school graduates minds is about what to study in college and dedicate the rest of there life to. Many students pursue a liberal education or a career education in college. In my opinion a career education is an important use of a college education because it is more applicable than a liberal arts education in a job setting in todays capitalist society. Many people assume that a career education only provides unrewarding job training but it is so much more than that. In reality a career education is an avenue for people to lead meaningful lives that can be enjoyable. 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Director Company Liable Insolvent Under Act â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Director Company Liable Insolvent Under Act? Answer: Introducation The question which has been identified in this case is in relation to the breach of directors duties as per the provisions of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) (the act) Section 180-184 the act deal provides the duties which the directors must act in accordance with respect to discharging their obligation towards the operations of the company. As provided in Section 180(1) of the act a director can be held accounting for the breach of this section if he or she does not apply proper skill and diligence while discharging their obligations in relation to the company. When a question in relation to the compliance with such section has to be determined the court deploys an imaginary reasonable director in the same position when the direct in context was while taking a decision in relation to the company and then seen whether the reasonable director would have indulged in the same conduct or not. In case the court is satisfied that no reasonable director would have indulged in the same action committed by the original director, such director would be held liable to the breach of section 180(1) by the court. In the case of Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) v Cassimatis (No. 8) [2016] FCA 1023 the court ruled that for the purpose of analyzing the violation of section 180(1) of the Act, no reasonable director would indulge in an actions which may result in the contravention of legal provisions as such contravention cannot be in the best interest of the company and definitely not a result of proper skill and diligence. Section 181 of the Act is violated of the actions of the directors of the company are not in good faith and towards the best interest of the company. In section 182 of the CA it has been ruled that the directors will breach the provisions of this section if it is found that they have used the position they have in the company to achieve personal interest by causing harm to the company. If there is any conflict of interest situation which a director of the company is facing where he has to choose between his interest and the companies interest he must always chose the interest of the company. In addition the directors also have to ensure that any conflict of interest situation is disclosed to the board as per section 192 of the Act. Application From the above discussed provisions provided by the Act it can be stated that the operations of the organization carried on by the directors are governed by the principles. In the given situation Eric being the non executive director of the company has the duty to act in the best interest of the company according to section 181 of the CA. he also has a duty to avoid any conflict of interest situation of his personal interest and companys interest. Thus buy persuading the board to finalize the deal with a company where he is a partner to gain personal benefit and not disclosing such situation to the board accounts to the violation of section 181 and 182 of the CA. Morton being the director of the company has been imposed with a duty to act with proper care and diligence in relation to the company. Under the section he has the duty to use personal skill and diligence to benefit the company, however he has not done so by not protesting against the deal which the company got into with Tricky Partners. A reasonable director if placed in the position of Mr. Morton would have not supported the deal knowing that the Eric is violating the provisions of the CA. Thus Mr. Morton is liable for the breach of section 180 (1) of the Act Eric has violated section 181-182 of the act being the non executive director f the company. Whereas Mr. Morton has breached section 180(1) by not using appropriate skill and care towards the operations of Gold Coin Bank. The question which has been identified in this case is in relation to the breach of directors duties as per the provisions of the act committed by the other three directors of Bricks Construction Co. In the case of Asic v Adler and 4 Ors [2002] NSWSC 171, section 181 of the Act had been discussed in details. The section imposed a duty on the directors and other officers of an organization to discharge their obligation and use their powers towards the best interest of the company in good faith. The duties must also be discharged towards a proper purpose for the company. Section 181 can be also contravened by the director even if they believe they have discharged their duties in good faith through the application of the same test which is used to determine the contravention of section 180(1). In the given case it was clear that the defendant director have breached section 181 of the Act as they being the directors of the company indulge in activities which were not towards the best interest of the company. In the same case the court also analyzed the provisions in relation to section 182 of the Act. The court stated that section 182 stands violated if the director of a company has used the power vested in him through the virtue off his position in the company in such a way where he is working for a personal interests rather than the interest of the company. As the director in the case has used his position to make the company gets into a deal for his personal interest and not the interest of the company the director violated section 182. In the given situation it has been found that the other three directors of Bricks do not have good terms with the fourth director. By not involving the fourth director they are indulging in an oppressive conduct which can be punished under section 232 and 233 of the Act. Nevertheless here the breaches constituted by the other three directors in relation to the company are discussed. Through opening another company the directors have clearly violated the provisions of section 181 of the CA as such an action is not at all in good faith and is contrary to the interest of bricks as it would be deprived of its profits. They have also violated section 183 as they have used the information obtained from the company for such deal. In addition by passing a special resolution which stated that Bricks did not have any interest in the project the directors have violated section 182 of the Act by using their position information in a way which hampers the interest of the company for personal inte rest. The three directors are liable for the violation of section 181-183 of the Act because of their actions. The question which has been identified in this case is in relation to the breach of directors duties as per the provisions of the act as well as fiduciary duties imposed by common law committed by the CEO and director of Comet Pty Ltd, Mr Hawker. The directors in Australia not only are imposed with statutory duties but also fiduciary duties under the common law. These duties state that a director must always base his actions towards the company on bona fide intentions and not in a way which hampers the interest of the company in addition the powers of the directors given to them by the company must not be used for an improper purpose. the fiduciary duties also impose an obligation on the directors to avoid any conflict of interest as provided in the case of Chan v Zacharia [1984] HCA 36. In addition the directors also have the duty to retain their discretion over the affairs of the company. In relation to the breach of general duties as opposed to the statutory duties the directors are likely to be subjected to the remedy of recession, statutory compensation or equitable damages. Section 181 of the Act mirrors the duty of good faith, proper purpose and best interest provided by general law. The section imposes a duty on the directors and other officers of an organization to discharge their obligation and use their powers towards the best interest of the company in good faith. The duties must also be discharged towards a proper purpose for the company. Section 181 can be also contravened by the director even if they believe they have discharged their duties in good faith through the application of the same test which is used to determine the contravention of section 180(1). Section 182 of the Act prohibits the director from misusing his position to case detriment to the company. Section 183 of the Act prohibits the director from misusing information to gain unfair advantage for themselves. In the given case it has been provided that Mr Hawker who is the CEO and Director of comet has indulged into activities which are not good for the company in order to save personal reputation. Hawker by directing the funds from comet to the subsidiary in order to save personal reputation have violated the best interest fiduciary duty under general law as well as the section 181 of the act under statutory law as the act is clearly not in the best interest of the company which had to face insolvency as a result of Hawkers actions. In addition Hawker has violated section 182 of the Act along with the fiduciary duty of not making improper use if position by indulging in the act of fund transfer. Therefore it can be provided that Hawker can be held liable for the breach of section 181 and 182 of the Act as per statutory duties and the common law duty to act in best interest and not to make improper use of position. As provided in Section 180(1) of the act a director can be held accountable for the breach of this section if he or she does not apply proper skill and diligence while discharging their obligations in relation to the company. When a question in relation to the compliance with such section has to be determined the court deploys an imaginary reasonable director in the same position when the direct in context was while taking a decision in relation to the company and then seen whether the reasonable director would have indulged in the same conduct or not. In case the court is satisfied that no reasonable director would have indulged in the same action committed by the original director, such director would be held liable to the breach of section 180(1) by the court. In the case of ASIC v Healey (2011) 83 ACSR 484 an argument was provided by the non- executive directors that they could rely on the companys external auditors and management towards ensuring that the financial statement are in compliance with the Australian accounting standards. However the court in this case ruled that under the provisions of the Act every member of the board of directors has been imposed with a responsibility of focusing on and attending to the financial statements and such responsibility cannot be abdicated or delegated to others. In the case of Permanent Building Society (in liq) v Wheeler (1994) 14 ACSR 109 it was ruled by the court that in case a director possesses a special skill their standard of care towards a company is held to be that of person professing such skills. In the case of ASIC v Rich (2003) 44 ACSR 341 it was held by the court that the liability of the non-executive directors of a company are not limited to the knowledge, inaction , ignorance or experience of the directors. As a defense Section 198D of the Act allows the directors to delegate any of their responsibilities to any person unless it is not restricted by the constitution of the company. Section 190(1) of the CA does not allow a director to abdicate responsibility. If the delegation of power has been done in a negligent manner the directors can only defend themselves if after making appropriate enquires the directors believed or have reasonable grounds to believe that the delegates are competent and reliable with respect to the delegated power under section 190(2) of the Act. According to section 189 of the Act directors can reasonable have reliance on the decision of professional advisors, employees if the reliance was made after making proper independent assessment in good faith. However as provided by the Healey case reliance only be reasonable if the contrary is not proved. In the Rich case the court ruled that whether the director have indulged in reasonably informed decision making is analyzed by determining the significance of the decision, time in hand for obtaining information, cost of information, confidence of directors in those giving the information, the nature of the decision towards the demand of competency by the board and whether the information was available reasonably and not considered. In the given situation the COO of the company has recruited some of his friends for the purpose of preparing a report. The fresh recruitments are young graduates who are inexperiences in handing a matter which is of high significance for the company and requires experienced experts. This is clearly a breach of exercising proper diligence and care in relation to the operations of the company. However in this case the COO can take the help of the business judgment rule as a defense as provided in section 180(2) of the Act according to which a director is free to marketing any judgment for the company in good faith and in compliance of law. However any reasonable director under the same circumstances as the COO would have not recruited the inexperienced experts as provided in the rich case. Given the significance of the decision and the reasonable availability of the decision the COO should have appointed more experienced experts. In addition he can take the defense of reliance as per w hich decision provided by other can be relied on under section 189. However there was no independent assessment done by the COO so this defense would also not be available. With reference to the situation of the non executive directors as per the above discussed cases a subjective test is no longer used to determine the breach of duty. In the Healey case it had been specifically provided by the Court that the liability of the non- executive directors of a company are not limited to the knowledge, inaction , ignorance or experience of the directors. Thus in given situation the two non-executive directors one of which was a geologist and the other an engineer it can be provided that they should have made the board cautious about the decision in relation to the project. This can be said because as per their qualifications they had expert knowledge in the area of the project which they did not use in relation to the company. They cannot use their position of being non executive as a defense as discussed in the Healey case. Section 588G of the Act expressly prohibits any director or officer of a company to indulge in any kind of trading activity when they have the information that the company has become insolvent or reasonably believe that the company may become insolvent as a result of such activity. The directors of the company can evade the liability for a breach of duty if they were not present at the time which a decision had been made due to sickness of any their circumstances which were beyond their control. Section 588h of the Act provides that if the directors of a company had reasonable grounds to believe that their activities would not make the company insolvent or the company is solvent at the time of such trading they can be excluded from the liability. The section had been used and discussed in the case of Manpac Industries Pty Ltd v Ceccattini [2002] NSWSC 330 were reliance was put by the directors on other person to determine insolvency. In the given situation it has been provided that the directors of the company had indulged in trading activities when they had been informed by the financial officer that the company is nearing insolvency. The directors did not take into account the advice provided but the CFO of the company very seriously. Thus they carried on with the trading and which could be considered as a breach of section 588G of the Act. Here the directors cannot take the defense available in section 588H of the Act as they cannot prove that they reasonably believed that the company would continue to be solvent after such activity. The CFO who was not present at the time the decision was taken cannot use the above discussed defense of absence which can be used in case of circumstances beyond control and sickness as a anti aging surgery could have been postpone after the meeting about the decision. References Asic v Adler and 4 Ors [2002] NSWSC 171 ASIC v Healey (2011) 83 ACSR 484 ASIC v Rich (2003) 44 ACSR 341 Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) v project-management (No. 8) [2016] FCA 1023 Chan v Zacharia [1984] HCA 36 Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) Manpac Industries Pty Ltd v Ceccattini [2002] NSWSC 330 Permanent Building Society (in liq) v economics (1994) 14 ACSR 109