How to Write a Statistical Report on Psychology Studies

The most effective method to Write a Statistical Report on Psychology Studies Realizing how to compose a factual report on brain science contemplates is significant particularly when you are soon to finish a brain science concentrate all alone. Some portion of the explanation it is basic that you comprehend the various perspectives contained in a measurable report is with the goal that you can utilize brain research concentrates later on as references as well as a potential profession probability. So as to examine brain research in school you will be required to finish brain science contemplates yourself. Realizing the general design is significant. So what is remembered for a factual report on brain research considers? Well the principal thing you need is an extraordinary theme. This theme must be something that isnt investigated at this point. You must have the option to add something new to brain research. A few people may investigate how kids took a crack at tuition based school improve contrasted with youngsters tried out government funded school. In any case, you should dismantle that and check whether they improve in light of the fact that they have less issues at home or in light of the fact that guardians are progressively included or maybe on the grounds that the distinctive financial status looked at between government funded school and tuition based school manages youngsters more noteworthy access to assets. One key viewpoint to any brain science study is to have the theory, however the manner in which you will test that speculation. You need to introduce a writing audit where you disclose to the peruser what reports and studies which identify with your subject have just been finished, and how your point is not the same as everything else effectively distributed. When this is done you need to clarify the message you utilized, the members, the materials, and what you did. When you assemble your outcomes you need to share them utilizing a factual investigation and afterward have a conversation about what your outcomes intend to the master plan. It is imperative to take note of that: So as to make it a measurable report you must have the option to evaluate your outcomes. All together for your outcomes to be evaluated you have to work with numbers. So as to work with numbers you have to set up a quantitative procedure. So as to utilize quantitative technique you have to make an approach to test your hypothesis utilizing numbers. In the event that you need to decide if understudies perform better stepping through examinations with music playing out of sight versus no music playing out of sight a quantitative philosophy would look at two changed gatherings of understudies, those with music out of sight and those without, and think about the normal grade. It may likewise contrast to what extent it took with complete the score. A progressively subjective assessment would survey maybe the passionate state or tension degrees of understudies in the live with music versus the room without music. Factual examination is important to investigate the outcomes and look at the information. There are explicit projects intended to help investigate information, particularly a lot of information in a programmed manner. Utilizing t-tests or ANOVA tests, or basically scanning for medians or measurable midpoints can be utilized to introduce the consequences of your investigation. Distinctive factual investigations are held for various sorts of measurable reports on brain science examines. This was our finished guide on the most proficient method to compose a measurable examination on brain science considers. You will likewise profit by our 10 realities on brain research reads for factual just as 20 tight subtopics that you can investigate and 1 example paper. So make certain to check them.

Human Resource Management for Sales & Marketing- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theHuman Resource Management for Sales Marketing. Answer: Current Meeting Information The gathering was hung on 25.10.2017 and started at 11:00 AM. The setting of the gathering was the assembly hall lobby at the workplace. The name of the gathering director was Mr. David Fischer. The gathering finished at 4:00 PM. The individuals who went to the gathering were from the Sales Marketing division of the association. Fundamental Agenda Topics The gathering was hung on the subject of representative maintenance. The significant purpose behind the gathering to happen was generally, it was being seen that the weakening pace of the workers, especially from the showcasing division of the association has been very high and this is adversy affecting the general hierarchical efficiency. The primary speakers who shared their perspectives in regards to the point were the Marketing Head of the association, the Human Resource Head of the organization and the CEO of the association. A few inquiries were posed from the current workers of the Sales Marketing branch of the association. The conversation fundamentally centered around certain maintenance strategies that should be executed for holding the staffs inside the association. These are referenced as under, Preparing in such manner, the speakers expressed that preparation the staffs will do the support of their feeling of significant worth. With the assistance of preparing, managers will help the staffs to realize the objectives and ensure that they are having a strong comprehension in regards to their activity jobs. Tutoring in such manner, the speakers talked about consolidating a coaching program coordinated with an objective based input process that will give an organized instrument to create solid bonds inside the organization. This will likewise be considered being a strong establishment in regard of staff maintenance just as advancement. In addition, through the tutoring program, the organization will match a progressively experienced advertising staff with a less experienced showcasing staff, with the goal towards creating specific abilities, giving execution criticism, just as structuring the vocation advancement plan of a person. It was concluded that a tutoring project will get actualized inside the association very soon. Demonstrating thankfulness by means of pay and advantages in such manner, the speakers talked about giving things, for example, serious pay rates, benefit sharing, extra projects, annuity and wellbeing plans just as took care of time. The speakers expressed that these will send incredible message to the staffs in regards to their hugeness inside the association. Empowering referrals and selecting from inside About this subject, the speakers expressed that to have the present staffs offer referrals could help with limiting disarray identifying with work desires. The present staffs can give a practical depiction about a post to the individual he/she is giving reference of. It was likewise talked about that, a powerful path by which the association can diminish the effect of turnover is by employing from inside, as in light of the fact that the current staffs have just made the revelation that they are reasonable for the organization. Causing representatives to feel esteemed In this regard, the speakers expressed that staffs will be going the additional mile when they will have a sentiment of duty with respect to their work results, accepting their employments will utilize their capacities, just as getting acknowledgment in regard of their commitment. Staffs will be remunerated at a significant level for spurring them in regard of accomplishing far superior execution. Money payouts can be utilized in regard of on-the-spot acknowledgment. The speakers likewise proposed that the staffs ought to be tuned in at, and their recommendation ought to be considered with respect to what prizes may be working best for the organization. In this regard, gatherings just as studies ought to be directed that will be empowering the staffs for sharing their information. Lion's share of the colleagues will be working all the more productively for completing a choice that they have assisted with impacting. Instructing or criticism The speakers expressed that it is basic for the association to give input just as training to the staffs so that there happens the arrangement of their undertakings with the hierarchical objectives just as meeting the desires. It was additionally expressed that, inside the initial not many weeks at work of a representative, the business is required giving thorough criticism. What's more, the businesses ought to likewise be giving inputs that are considered being formal just as casual to the staffs all as the year progressed. Activity Items Plan Item Time Who 1. Conversation on the present issue in regards to high steady loss rate inside the Sales Marketing branch of the association. 15 min Chief 2. Conversation on preparing 10 min HR Head 3. Conversation on coaching 10 min HR Head 4. Conversation on demonstrating thankfulness by means of remuneration and advantages 10 min Deals Marketing Head 5. Conversation on causing representatives to feel esteemed 10 min Deals Marketing Head 6. Training or input 10 min President 7. Activities for next period 15 min All

Martin Luther :: History

Martin Luther When examining the aspects of Western Civilization, a couple of repeating addresses must be investigated. Will people with significant influence misuse it? Shockingly, yes. Does opportunity bring forth intelligent, innovative and social advancement? Generally, yes. Was Martin Luther, in authentic terms, a â€Å"bad ass?† Carter Lindberg states in his book The European Reformations, â€Å"An beginning move to control the convoluted and multifaceted truth of the Reformation is to characterize the terms utilized for it and the time it covers.† In request to make sure about Luther in the annuals of history as a â€Å"bad ass†, one must explain the qualities of that title, yet in addition see his achievements in a 21st Century casing of reference. To begin with, it ought to be resolved which authentic considers may fall along with the class of being marked a â€Å"bad ass.† At this point, the regular qualities of a recorded â€Å"bad ass† will get clear. Second, in the wake of deciding these qualities, they at that point must be applied to Luther and the outcome will be imminent. Conceivable verifiable â€Å"bad asses† (sequentially): Hammurabi, Socrates, Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Marc Antony, Julius Caesar, Jesus Christ, Augustus Casear, Muhammad, William the Conqueror, Genghis Kahn, Leonardo da Vinci, Magellan, Louis XIV, Thomas Jefferson, Vã ¢clav Havel, Roberto Baggio and Bill Clinton. Simply seeing this waitlist, it’s observable that a large portion of these men were in a place of intensity. With the exception of Socrates, Jesus, Leonardo, Magellan and Baggio, these people were in a place of direct political or military position and now and again both. Let’s investigate Alexander, Hannibal, Jesus, Muhammad and Magellan. Alexander the Great-Son of King Phillip of Macedonia. He was coached by Aristotle and regardless of his old style training got one of the best military virtuosos ever. At the hour of this demise, Alexander directed a domain that extended from the Mediterranean bowl to Persia. Glenn Blackburn, creator of Western Civilization: A Concise History Vol. 1, gives this depiction of Alexander. â€Å"Some students of history accept that he was essentially an extraordinary military pioneer who realized well how to battle and prevail. Others consider Alexander to be what he professed to be, a missionary of Greek culture who utilized Greek language and establishments to bring together a cosmopolitan empire† (p.82). Alexander’s enormity was even recognized in the film Die Hard. The movies adversary, Hans Gruber comments, â€Å"And when Alexander saw the expansiveness of his space, he sobbed.

Top Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example Topics Reviews!

Top Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example Topics Reviews! The author of the analysis must instead concentrate on the way in which the author of the guide presents their case as opposed to the case itself. The readers can discover that a guy is considered less responsible than a woman when every one of them commits rape if both of them are drunk. The conclusion also shows the way the author accomplishes the goal or achieves the goal of the analyzed work that's to present the specifics of the life of Newton. An author is attempting to evoke a sense of depression into the reader's mind. The Death of Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example Topics It can be challenging to work out what's going to make a great topic for a rhetorical analysis essay. Writing a rhetorical essay isn't that difficult when you have understood what it is about. For a lot of them, a rhetorical analysis essay has become the most confusing portion of the assignment. Writing a rhetorical analysis essay for the very f irst time will probably seem to be an impossible undertaking. A rhetorical analysis essay is occasionally an extremely hard endeavor for students to grasp. Student's aim is to create the top-notch paper. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Many students haven't any idea what it is even though it's an average endeavor. Things You Won't Like About Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example Topics and Things You Will Observing an outline provides you a feeling of direction and a placeholder where all the information should go. Alternately, it is possible to also reach us via our homepage for more information about how to acquire expert essay writing services online. You would think that it is something complicated, but our article is prepared to help. Whether you're going with a write-up, or newspaper column, you can surely apply exactly the same rules to bring forward an excellent rhetorical analysis. The New Fuss About Rhetorical Analysis E ssay Example Topics A rhetorical analysis incorporates similar practices. All the aforementioned rhetorical analysis examples utilize a frequent way of analysis referred to as the SOAPSTone Method. Since you may see the rhetorical analysis essay is not a simple undertaking. Well, a rhetorical analysis essay is quite much like that with a tiny exception, needless to say. When you compose the rhetorical analysis essay, don't forget that its principal goal is to explain the effect of every system that was used by the author. The emphasis needs to be placed on typical strategies, tools, and means used by the author to attain the verbose mode. What is Truly Happening with Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example Topics Various software might help to correct errors. If you've got an AP rhetorical analysis essay that you are thinking about using a custom written service for then you might have some concerns about plagiarism. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. Key Pieces of Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example Topics You might acquire many writing assignments of unique types and complexity. The second kind of rhetorical appeal is known as the ethical appeal. The majority of the times, you will have the option of picking the topics that you've discussed in your class. The examples provided here are intentionally diverse so they supply you with a range of significant points. Introductory paragraph always sets the tone of the whole essay, so it must include all the key ideas you're likely to discuss. The introduction is utilised to familiarize the reader by means of your topic and the major idea. Following that, you must be in a position to investigate the topic which you choose to write about in an effective way. The second important factor to think about while selecting the rhetorical essay topics is that you've got just a little understanding about it. The Ultimate Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example Topics Trick Highlight your primary suggestions for the analysis The conclusion should also offer a quick summary or short explanation of the key points you've discussed in the essay. As an issue of fact, estimating appeals is vital to all rhetorical analysis essay examples. The conc lusion is comparable to the introduction, but not quite the exact same. It should be strong and clear. Utilizing a great sample conclusion when writing a conclusion of your rhetorical analysis is very important since it provides you a sense of the way in which a very good conclusion should look like. In case there's need for additional research, it is advised that you also think of how it is going to be highlighted in the past paragraph. For the 2nd principal point, use pathos and assess the efficacy of the appeals that you present. It's much better to rely on evidences in place of emotions and your private opinion.

Essay Sample on Man Is a Social Animal

Essay Sample on Man Is a Social Animal Man Is a Social Animal The first time when man was defined as a social animal was back in the ancient times. Aristotle wrote in his Politics: Hence it is evident that the state is a creation of nature and that man by nature is a political animal. Political here can be interpreted as social due to the meaning of the Greek word politikos, which meant the social aspect as well. Later, Baruch Spinoza also stated that men were social animals, and that it was because of their nature – they get from society much more convenience than injury, as they are not able to live in solitude. This definition can be interpreted in different ways, and for me it also has a meaning. It is a well-known fact that women and men perceive this world in different ways. They think and even see differently, which is why there are often certain misunderstandings that result in major disappointments. What is interesting, women often call the men animals when they are angry with them, and indeed they are right. Men have more resemblance with some animals than women do. For instance, as predators, they have the so-called tunnel vision. Women, in their turn, have well-developed peripheral sight. Men are more straightforward and practical and have many other characteristics that are different from women. And it is the way females should perceive them – as a kind of social animal that needs attention and their love. Women and men complement each other and should understand their differences in order to make use of them in the right way. They should enjoy the process of getting to know their partners, and not feel upset about it. If we consider our problems in relationships from this perspective, everything will be much better in our lives.

Critical Analysis Of Frederick Douglass - 1167 Words

Would you risk your life to wangle literary even if you were forcibly shackled into slavery? In the 17th century, you would have not even been close to a book. During this time, white colonist forbid the liberty that slaves could have the qualification to attain literacy---fearing that the increase in literacy will oppose a threat on the institute of slavery, the colonist themselves, and emit true political sovereignty. As a result of this mental genocide, slaves had been dependent on their masters. There were exceptions. Slaves were discouraged to acquire critical literacy however, whites forcibly taught the slaves about Christianity. Frederick Douglass, a notable abolitionist, presents the battles the continuing problem of the†¦show more content†¦Henceforth, this reference discloses that education is essential to restore freedom. Subsequently in chapter 4, he alludes to a religious/historical reformations occurring in Great Britain, through Richard Brinsley Sheridan, a n Irish dramatist: â€Å"Catholic emancipation.†. Douglass introduces Sheridan in order to juxtapose the setting of the Irish community to slaves. In Ireland, the Irish people were oppressed by the Anglicans (Britain s national church) due to religious avidity. Eventually after the reformation, the Irish citizens had the judgment to choose the Catholic or Anglican church. As a result, Douglass utilizes historical allusion to foster the ideals of freedom by giving the slaves an example that they have choices in life (such as being an autodidactic) , but they must fight for them. The speaker establishes himself to be convincing to his lesson. We are naturally more likely to be persuaded by a person who has knowledge therefore, the audience sense the credibility that the speaker develops. Douglass detests the practice of slavery. Douglass declares in paragraph 1, that his mistress’s kind soul would â€Å"commence,† and later â€Å"commence,† to follow her hu sband’s wrongdoings. Douglass casually repeats the word, â€Å"commence, typically how his mistress performed particular duties. Therefore, Douglass exaggerates the word â€Å"commence,† to tell the slaves that they must be affirm to take charge in their sovereignty before the slaveholders do. DouglassShow MoreRelated Response of Fredrick Douglass to Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe964 Words   |  4 PagesFredrick Douglass Response to Uncle Toms Cabin      Ã‚   Frederick Douglass was arguably the most prominent African American abolitionist during the mid-19th century. He established his notoriety through his narrative entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave published in 1845. Frederick Douglass also produced an African American newspaper, Frederick Douglass Paper, which highlighted the reception and critiques of Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. FrederickRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass After escaping from slavery, Frederick Bailey changed his name to Frederick Douglass and became a prominent speaker in the abolitionist movement. He was so eloquent that proslavery opponents charged him with being a fraud who had never been a slave and challenged him to reveal the true facts of his life. Such an account was dangerous for Douglass, who could have been captured and returned to slavery for life, but he proceededRead MoreSlaves Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Olaudah Equiano Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesSojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano all have extremely interesting slave narratives. During their lives, they faced plenty of racist discrimination and troubling moments. They were all forced into slavery at an awfully young age and they all had to fight for their freedom. In 1797, Truth was born into slavery in New York with the name of Isabella Van Wagener. She was a slave for most of her life and eventually got emancipated. Truth was an immense women’s suffrage activist. SheRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesSummary Themes Characters Critical Essays ââ€" » Analysis eText ââ€" » Reference Teacher Resources ââ€" » More ââ€" » Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Summary Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave cover image summary In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass recounts his experiences as a slave. He details the horrors of growing up on a plantation, being subjected to extreme racism, and running away to freedom. He later became an influentialRead MoreTrickery in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass1880 Words   |  8 Pagesthus they do not survive. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, Douglass harnesses the ability to conform to the world of trickery and conveys his journey to freedom. Through his appeal to pathos, use of dramatic asides, and application of anecdotes, Douglass expresses the necessity of slaves to play the game of trickery to survive in the world of tricksters. Effectively establishing an appeal to pathos, Douglass emphasize his raw emotions to the reader, allowing theRead MoreSocial Classes Effecting Cruelty Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†2327 Words   |  10 PagesSOCIAL CLASSES EFFECTING CRUELTY DOUGLASS’S NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS A. Introduction To know about social classes in a prose (Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass), it is a duty knowing about what sociological criticism is firstly. Sociological Criticism is one of the family literary criticisms that directed to analyze literary work in a larger social context. It codifies the literary strategies that are employed to reflect social constructs through a sociological methodologyRead MoreThe View from the Bottom Rail Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagesand stereotyping occur in every aspect of life. No one should ever take anything for face value before they examine it first.  In reading the narrative, â€Å"The View from the Bottom Rail† by James Davidson and Mark Lytle and â€Å"Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas† by Harold Bloom. I became very aware on how American history can be looked at as one sided or bias. Even in today’s society, there is still a lot of biasness presented in American history that is told when it is relatedRead MoreEssay about The Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin4044 Words   |  17 Pagessuccess brought the moral conflict to the gener al public, causing many ordinary citizens to form their own moral judgments, often critical ones, of the nature of slavery, while they previously would have been more apathetic. Here, I will investigate the reaction to and effects of the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, particularly divided into two groups: the scholarly or critical reaction, and the public reaction, including both public opinion of the book and the various derivative works that were createdRead MoreIntellectual Freedom During The 20th Century1923 Words   |  8 Pagesbody makes little difference. Frederick Douglass knew this all too well as he grew up as a slave. In his Narrative of The Life, he explains the development of his character and understanding of intellectual freedom. The intent of this paper is to explore the experiences that lead Douglass to understand the difference between physical and intellectual freedom. This is seen in his experiences but also how he wrote his Narrative. While in [physi cal] captivity, Douglass was not always captive. AlthoughRead More`` Kindred, She Challenges Humanity, And Racism1364 Words   |  6 Pagesnation. The antagonist, Rufus, changed throughout his life as Dana tried to teach him right versus wrong, but he eventually becomes perpetually unstable. Furthermore, using critical analysis essays, writers James Baldwin, â€Å"Stranger in the Village†, Carla R. Monroe’s essay, â€Å"Why are ‘Bad Boys’ Always Black?† and Frederick Douglass, â€Å"Learning to Read† to help demonstrate examples to support this claim. In Octavia Butler’s, Kindred, Rufus’s empowerment developed his conformity to racial injustices, discriminations

Case Report Ruths Chris Steakhouse free essay sample

Case Study Synopsis:   Ruth’s Chris – The High Stakes of International Expansion Defining the Issues ? company completed a milestone completing a successful IPO that raised more than $154M USD in new equity capital ? in its 2005 annual report, the company committed to an accelerated development plan through company owned and franchised locations. ? current stores were seeing consistent incremental revenue growth, but accelerated development will require entry into the international market ? shareholders will expect to see share prices increase (i. e. to maximise profit) The Basic Issue ? company wants to increase revenue through expansion (â€Å"growth†) Analysing Case Data (Cause Effect) ? barrier to international expansion may be RCR’s strict franchise criteria:   liquid net worth of $1M USD, verifiable experience within the hospitality industry, desire and ability to develop multiple locations; $100K USD per restaurant franchise fee + 5% gross sale s royalty fee + 2% gross sales fee. ? senior management committed to the market development model, but not all senior management committed to international expansion ? arket selection criteria presents some potential barriers to international growth (insistence on US Beef) ? insufficient international market data (no data on how often people ate in restaurants, or their affinity toward US brands). We will write a custom essay sample on Case Report Ruths Chris Steakhouse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? some countries will not have an affinity for US brands. Generating Alternatives ? since franchising was successful in Canada, Mexico, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, the company should continue with this approach for international expansion. Foreign-owned restaurants may be unappealing to local customers ? he franchise model should be revisited, since the criteria are too restrictive and will discourage many potential franchisees ? market selection criteria should be reconsidered. Allowing franchisees to buy local beef and produce would improve the company’s image in a foreign market and support local business ? collect all the relevant market data before entering an international country. Find out which countries truly offer the greatest growth potential with the least risk, and test those markets first. Selecting Decision Criteria ? international markets were already opened and successful in Canada, Hong Kong, Mexico, and Taiwan. These markets should be expanded first (as was done with the US market), before the company expands into other international countries. This will generate the increase in revenue promised in the 2005 Annual Report, as well as fit the qualification for accelerated development; furthermore, it will bring more exposure to the â€Å"brand†, and help the company to test and refine both its market selection criteria and its market development model, as well as allow the company time to mitigate the risks of entering other foreign markets by completing the inconclusive market research. Assessing Alternatives ? maintaining the current franchise model could limit growth potential in foreign countries. ? relaxing the demand for US Beef would eliminate barriers in countries that don’t permit the import of US beef, thus broadening the market for expansion; additionally, use of locally raised beef and other produce shows investment in the local economy and raises the profile of the company favourably ? attempting company-owned (i. e. , US-owned) restaurants on foreign soil may not win the support and patronage of local potential customers in other countries. Selecting the Preferred Alternative The preferred alternative is to expand the international markets already opened and successful in Canada, Hong Kong, Mexico, and Taiwan, since inroads into these markets have already been initiated and, hence, are a lower risk to the company; additionally, these markets have much more room for growth, and further expansion will accomplish the goals of development, additional revenue, and raised brand profile. Developing an Action Implementation Plan ? expand franchises throughout Canada, Hong Kong, Mexico, and Taiwan ? revisit the franchise model and consider relaxing some of the restrictions ? revisit the market selection criteria and consider relaxing some of the criteria ? complete the market research for foreign expansion

The importance of information systems Essay Example For Students

The importance of information systems Essay Outline1 1. Executive Summary2 2. The construct of information in Organization3 3. Information Management in Organizations4 4. The construct of Information Systems5 5. Importance of Information System in Organizations6 1 Economic Importance:7 2. Information Systems Improve Performance:8 3. Importance in Decision Making:9 4. Organizational Behavior Change:10 6. Case Study Illustration11 6.1 Volvo Group and Knowledge Management12 Discussion13 Problems with Information Systems14 Decision15 Mentions ; 1. Executive Summary In concern universe there is no replacement for right information at right clip. It is apparent that in last twosome of decennaries efforts has been made to develop systems which make information more precise, readily available and easy accessible throughout the administration. The development and usage of information systems is a modern tendency which is chiefly concerned with the aggregation, procedure and dissimilation of utile information that directs an administration for better planning, better determination devising and finally the better consequences. We will write a custom essay on The importance of information systems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Information systems and information direction is a huge topic. In order to discourse the importance of information systems for an organisation, the cardinal constructs like what is information, how it can be managed must be acknowledged. In this essay there will be brief debuts of these cardinal constructs and so there will be a instance survey of Volvo s Knowledge Management System, the VPS which highlight the importance of information system and information direction in an organisation. Furthermore, it is non ever without a enlistment to follow and appreciate a new construct and information systems are no different. There are some issues and jobs in put ining and utilizing such systems which once more vary one administration to another. This essay will besides touch upon those troubles every bit good. 2. The construct of information in Organization The universe information has different use in different contexts but in organisational context it becomes more complex and hard to grok. Zorkoczy ( 1981 ) defines information â€Å"as the significance that a human expresses by, or infusions from, representations of facts and thoughts, by agencies of the known conventions of the representations used† . On the other manus in organisational context, Stonecash ( 1981 ) defines information by saying that â€Å"information is merely symbols ( informations, text, images, voices, etc. ) that convey intending through their comparative ordination, timing, form, context, etc. information is the natural stuff for doing determinations for making cognition and fuelling the modern organization† . In organisational context, information becomes more like a basic resource similar to work forces, stuff and money. Information is the adhering component that holds an organisation together. On the reverse, since it is intangible, information is rather different for physical resources and is frequently hard to construe and use in expeditiously in order to accomplish desirable results from the oragnisation. However, it is an built-in portion of organisation and should be decently managed to accomplish ends and aims of the organisation ( W.B. Adeoti-Adekeye, 1997 ) . Hence, it is importance to admit the importance of information in the organisational public presentation. 3. Information Management in Organizations Many bookmans have recognized the fact that right information and its flow with in the organisation can drastically better the public presentation and achieve stipulated aims with easiness. But at the same clip it is of import to observe that there is no point of holding information which is non relevant to the organisaton. This is the point where information direction comes in to play. The premier aim of information direction is to do relevant information readily available for the administration in precise and comprehendible format. Langemo, ( 1980 ) has defined Information direction as the â€Å"organization-wide capableness of making, keeping, recovering and doing instantly available the right information, in the right topographic point, at the right clip, in custodies of the right people, at the lowest cost, in the best media, for usage in determination making.† Besides Best ( 1988 ) defines information direction as â€Å"the economic, efficient and effectual co-ordination of the production, control, storage and retrieval and airing of information from external and internal beginnings, in order to better the public presentation of the organization.† 4. The construct of Information Systems Ever since its innovation, computing machines are going built-in portion of worlds and worlds are going more and more dependent on the services offered by them. In words of W.B Adeoti-Adekeye ( 1997 ) â€Å"the promotions in computing machine engineering have escalated adult male s desire to obtain computing machine aid in work outing day-to-day jobs and more complex jobs: jobs which were considered entirely in the sphere of adult male s intuitive and judgmental procedures, peculiarly in organisations, a few old ages ago. Therefore, information systems are going country of involvement in progressive and dynamic organisations. The demand to obtain entree handily, rapidly and economically makes it imperative to invent processs for the creative activity, direction and use of databases in organizations.† Duff and Assad ( 1980 ) , has defined the information system as â€Å"a aggregation of people, processs, a base of informations and ( sometimes ) hardware and package that collects, procedures, shops and communicates informations for dealing processing at operational degree and information to back up Management determination making.† In general footings, Information Systems can be defined as a set of interconnected constituents which accept informations or information ( meaningful informations ) as a natural stuff shop and so treat it to bring forth information as a merchandise to help and back up in determination devising and commanding activities of the organisation. The Information System contains information about the organisation and its environing environment every bit good. The environing environment includes clients, supplies, rivals and other stakeholders of the organisation. The basic three activities input, processing and end product generate the meaningful information that organisation demand. There is another indispensable component of system known as feedback. It is end product returned to allow governments in the organisation to measure input ( Laudon and Laudon 2006 9th Ed. ) . It can be represented in figure as follows ; through one or more transubstantiation procedures It comprises the undermentioned functional elements which relate to the organisation and its environment .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .postImageUrl , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:hover , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:visited , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:active { border:0!important; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:active , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pride And Prejudice (823 words) Essay5. Importance of Information System in Organizations Directors must hold relevant information that increases their cognition of internal procedures and external concern environment. This cognition reduces the grade of uncertainness and makes managerial determinations more rational and practical. Without relevant information most of the determinations made by directors will be like test and mistakes, which in bends decrease the efficiency and profitableness and increase the uncertainness with in the organisation. The chief benefits if an information system can be discussed as follows: 1 Economic Importance: Even though the cost of installing and care of an information system rather high ( depends upon sort of system ) in the beginning, but in due class the costs beads and appears just trade when compared to sorts of benefits enjoyed with the aid of it. Besides with the transition of clip cost of information systems tends to diminish, whereas, costs of its replacements ( for case labor ) has been historically tends to lift ( Laudon, 1990 ) . Furthermore, information systems use webs, which help an organisation to cut down the dealing costs, by doing it worthwhile for organisation to contract external providers alternatively of utilizing internal resources. For case, the Chrysler Corporation reduces costs by obtaining more than 70 % of its parts from other provider by utilizing computing machine links ( Laudon and Laudon, 9th Ed. ) . 2. Information Systems Improve Performance: Information Systems are designed to better the overall efficiency and effectivity of a procedure. The information systems speed up the procedure and cut down the clip by taking non-value adding stairss in the operation. For case, Citibank developed the Automatic Teller Machines and Bank Debit Cards in 1977 ( Laudon and Laudon 9th Ed. ) . It made fiscal minutess easy and was a immense success. Further, Bankss continued to introduce and these yearss with the aid of dependable and unafraid information systems from TEMENOS, Infosys, Oracle etc, most of the client can make bulk of dealing from their place computing machine or even from nomadic telephone. Furthermore, information systems provide existent clip information which reduces the range of mistakes, hence, increases the quality of the end product of the procedure. 3. Importance in Decision Making: Information Systems provides the tools for directors enabling them to supervise, program and prognosis with more preciseness and velocity so of all time earlier. They besides enable directors to react more quickly and adapt fleetly to the fast changing concern environment. The Decision Support Systems can significantly better consequences both on quantitative and qualitative foreparts. For case, there are around 142 million employees working in United States bring forthing $ 12.2 trillion of Gross Domestic Products. If the determination doing quality of these employees could be improved by merely 1 % in a twelvemonth the GDP might be expand well. â€Å"This implies for any organisation the ability of director or employees to do right determination at right clip with the aid of right information can hold extraordinary concern value† ( Laudon and Laudon 9th Ed. ) . 4. Organizational Behavior Change: Behavioral researches illustrate that information systems facilitate flattening of hierarchies by broadening the distribution of information to authorise lower-level employees. It pushes the determination doing rights to the lower degree in the organisation as the lower degree employees receives the information they need to do determinations extinguishing the demand of in-between directors ( Laudon and Laudon 9th Ed. ) . This besides leads to the decrease is the administrative costs of the administration. For illustration, after put ining ERP system Knust-SBO Precision Machining1 of Texas, reduced the administrative staff by 50 % and at the same clip improved the truth of on -time bringings from56.5 % to 95 % . 6. Case Study Illustration The efficient public presentation of an organisation is dependent really much on the public presentation of the internal resources of organisation and their synchronism with external environment. To exemplify the usage and importance of a direction information system in organisational public presentation the undermentioned illustration of Volvo from Pull offing Knowledge in MNCs-The instance of the cognition direction enterprise in the Volvo Group by Sona Gevorgyan and Boban Ivanovski ( 2009 ) will show that how Volvo achieved superior public presentations by deploying their Knowledge direction system. 6.1 Volvo Group and Knowledge Management The Volvo Group is one of the leaders in its industry with production installations in 19 and gross revenues in more than 180 states. In 2008 it employed more than 90,000 employees worldwide bulk located in Sweden, France, USA, Japan, Brazil, China, and South Korea. The industry in which Volvo Group operates is extremely engineering driven and cognition intensive. Its merchandise scope comprises building equipment, trucks and coachs, aircraft engine constituents, thrust system for Marine and industrial applications. Since it operates globally the Group is comprised of legion subordinates, known as merchandise related Business Areas ( BA ) and back uping Business Units ( BU ) . The major map of Business country is to industries merchandises, whereas Business Unit of measurements are responsible for procurance, merchandise planning s and fiscal facets of the concern. As the Group continued to turn, it recognized that the diverseness that the subordinates represent could function as chance to use all the cognition within the Volvo Group. The group acknowledged demand of the planetary Knowledge Management System which could assist in extinguishing waste of resources in footings of animating cognition in one subordinate, while already possessing it in another. Furthermore, such enterprise could potentially function as agencies of detecting new synergisms in the Group that may take to smooth and efficient operation of the Group s activities. Hence, the Volvo Production System Academy was launched in 2008, taking to set about and back up such a common group Knowledge Management enterprise ( Gevorgyan Ivanovski,2009 ) . Knowledge Management Systems are designed to hive away and treat the cognition available in organisations ( Wickramasinghe, 2003 ) , and at the same time back up contextualized application of that cognition ( Maier, 2004 ) . Workers are meant to utilize this engineering in sharing information about past experiences and doing sense of this information, while executing their undertakings ( Wickramasinghe, 2003 ) . Volvo Production System Academy ( VPSA ) is the Centre for research, development and invention in the Volvo Group. The Academy is meant to represents a cardinal research and development unit which provides the basicss for the KM enterprises. It developed the Knowledge Management System for the Group, the Volvo Production System. .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .postImageUrl , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:hover , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:visited , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:active { border:0!important; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:active , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diabetes EssayThe premise is that operational excellence, sustainable profitableness and client satisfaction is more likely to accomplish if the workers operate in conformity with the VPS guidelines. The VPS theoretical account is described in item through internal paperss known as Reference Material, stored in cardinal database and provided through the VPSA Intranet portal. The database and the Intranet portal on which the information from the database is available, represents the nucleus of the KMS provided by VPSA. The ‘good illustration of VPS theoretical account is an indispensable portion of the feedback and larning facet of the theoretical account. It is repr esents a ocular illustration of exceeding executing of a specific faculty described in the VPS theoretical account, this acts as a communicating tool to promote employees to reiterate the desirable behaviour. Good illustrations from assorted mills are stored in the cardinal database in add-on to the rules, and available on the Intranet portal. The good illustrations are either submitted by the mills and so quality-proofed by VPSA, or spotted in the appraisals that VPSA behaviors. By sharing them through the Intranet portal, good illustrations are meant to function mills from different subordinates to locally implement the VPS faculties by working common synergisms and larning from each other s cognition and experiences. ( Gevorgyan Ivanovski,2009 ) Discussion The Knowledge Management Systems are one of the most complex information systems. The Volvo Group has realized that their merchandise and services are non limited to physical resources but besides on the intangible assets i.e. cognition. Since it operates globally and most of its concern unit are geographically, demographically and culturally dispersed, therefore it was utterly of import for the Group to synchronies its cognition and do it available wherever and whenever it is needed to back up the concern procedures and managerial determinations. The Group achieved it with the aid of an information system, the Volvo Production System. However, put ining an information system does non automatically ensue in success, unless uninterrupted engagement of all single workers in procedures is ensured. In this instance workers have struggled ab initio to get by up with the alterations the system brought in, but the strong organisational civilization motivated them to acquire involved in the procedure. Problems with Information Systems There might be different grounds, but despite of many success narratives there are illustrations of great failure of implementing information systems in organisations. For case ( web resource1 ) ; Hershey Foods The taking cocoa maker in United States accounted 19 % bead in net incomes was caused by an unqualified SAP ERP installing that caused distribution upset during one of its most profitable seasons. AA FoxMeyer Drug s The pharmaceutical distribution company was forced to declare bankruptcy after an unsuccessful ERP execution. NASA . The ERP system was non able to shut year-end books on a Cal Tech contract which consequences in coevals of inaccurate fiscal studies. Bang and Olufsen In 1999, the Danish Hi-Fi audio- picture shaper claimed that SAP systems has damaged relation with its retail merchants It is frequently argued that most of the issues in ERP systems catastrophes were non proficient but were chiefly related to employee and organisational civilization of the house. Many of the failures can be attributed to hapless managerial pattern in the signifier of unequal preparation ( Pang 2001 ) . The opposition to alter from with in the organisation, deficiency of high flexibleness in footings of customization of information system and inadequate IS execution scheme may be considered as the major factors for such a drastic failure of the information systems in certain instances. Decision It is of import to observe that information direction and information systems are the agencies non the terminal of the procedure. Both are the powerful tools in the manus of direction, which when deployed suitably can convey dramatic alteration in the manner an organisation perform and accomplish its aims. Appropriate use of information systems benefits both the organisation and its employees and its stakeholders. But when misapplied, they can blow enormous sums of clip, attempt, and money. To carry through successful information direction and cut down the opportunities of failure in future, an information system must be designed and operated with due respect to organisational civilization every bit good as technological factors. There should be an equal part from both the concern direction and the information professionals while planing and implementing a new information system. There is no uncertainty that better exchange of ideas between organisational direction and information professionals has the possible to develop information systems which will wholly alter the mentality how we run concern today. Mentions ; Best, D.P. ( 1988 ) , â€Å"The hereafter of information management† , International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 8 No. 1, March, pp. 13-24. Duff, W.M. and Asad, M.C. ( 1980 ) , Information Management: An Executive Approach, Oxford University Press, London, p. 243 Langemo, M. ( 1980 ) , â€Å"Records management/word treating a needful squad effort† , Records Management Quarterly, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 10-14. Maier, R. ( 2004 ) . Knowledge direction systems: information and communicating engineerings for cognition direction. Zugl. : Regensburg, Univ. , Habil.-Schr. , 2001. Pang, L. Manager s Guide to Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) Systems information Systems Control Journal, Volume 4, 2001 Sona Gevorgyan and Boban Ivanovski ( 2009 ) Pull offing Knowledge in MNCs-The instance of the cognition direction enterprise in the Volvo Group Stonecash, J.C. ( 1981 ) , â€Å"The IRM showdown† , Infosystem, Vol. 28 No. 10, pp. 42-8. W.B. Adeoti-Adekeye ( 1997 ) â€Å"The importance of direction information systems† Library Review, Vol. 46 No. 5, page 318-327. MCB University Press, 0024-2535. Wickramasinghe, Nilmini ( 2003 ) . â€Å"Do We Practice What We Preach? Are KnowledgeManagement Systems in Practice Truly Reflective of Knowledge Management Systems in Theory? † . Business Process Management Journal, 9 ( 3 ) : 295-316. Zoikoczy, P. ( 1981 ) , Information Technology: An Introduction, Pitman, London, p. 157 1The New ERP System Halves the Administrative Staff, Modern Machine Shop, Feb2002, Vol. 74, p142

Learn to Pronounce and Count Cardinal Numbers in Italian

Learn to Pronounce and Count Cardinal Numbers in Italian You might find cardinal (counting) numbers the most useful to know- you will need them to express  time, record dates, do  math, interpret recipe amounts, and, of course, count. In Italian, cardinal numbers are written as one word. Use the following table to memorize numbers from 1 to 100. ITALIAN CARDINAL NUMBERS: 1-100 1 uno OO-noh 2 due DOO-eh 3 tre TREH 4 quattro KWAHT-troh 5 cinque CHEEN-kweh 6 sei SEH-ee 7 sette SET-teh 8 otto OHT-toh 9 nove NOH-veh 10 dieci dee-EH-chee 11 undici OON-dee-chee 12 dodici DOH-dee-chee 13 tredici TREH-dee-chee 14 quattordici kwaht-TOR-dee-chee 15 quindici KWEEN-dee-chee 16 sedici SEH-dee-chee 17 diciassette dee-chahs-SET-teh 18 diciotto dee-CHOHT-toh 19 diciannove dee-chahn-NOH-veh 20 venti VEN-tee 21 ventuno ven-TOO-noh 22 ventidue ven-tee-DOO-eh 23 ventitr ven-tee-TREH 24 ventiquattro ven-tee-KWAHT-troh 25 venticinque ven-tee-CHEEN-kweh 26 ventisei ven-tee-SEH-ee 27 ventisette ven-tee-SET-teh 28 ventotto ven-TOHT-toh 29 ventinove ven-tee-NOH-veh 30 trenta TREN-tah 40 quaranta kwah-RAHN-tah 50 cinquanta cheen-KWAHN-tah 60 sessanta ses-SAHN-tah 70 settanta set-TAHN-ta 80 ottanta oht-TAHN-ta 90 novanta noh-VAHN-tah 100 cento CHEN-toh The numbers  venti,  trenta,  quaranta,  cinquanta, and so on drop the final vowel when combined with  uno  and  otto.  Tre  is written without an accent, but  ventitrà ©,  trentatrà ©, and so on are written with an accent. Beyond 100 Do you remember those good old days before the euros arrival in Italy when you would pay a few thousand  lire  for admission to a museum or a  cappuccino  and  biscotti? Tourists needed more than just the numbers up to 100 to get around.  Lire  are history, but learning numbers greater than 100 might still prove useful. Though they might seem unwieldy, after a bit of practice youll be rolling them off your tongue like a pro. ITALIAN CARDINAL NUMBERS: 100 AND GREATER 100 cento CHEN-toh 101 centouno/centuno cheh-toh-OO-noh/chehn-TOO-noh 150 centocinquanta cheh-toh-cheen-KWAHN-tah 200 duecento doo-eh-CHEN-toh 300 trecento treh-CHEN-toh 400 quattrocento kwaht-troh-CHEN-toh 500 cinquecento cheen-kweh-CHEN-toh 600 seicento seh-ee-CHEN-toh 700 settecento set-the-CHEN-toh 800 ottocento oht-toh-CHEN-toh 900 novecento noh-veh-CHEN-toh 1.000 mille MEEL-leh 1.001 milleuno meel-leh-OO-noh 1.200 milleduecento meel-leh-doo-eh-CHEN-toh 2.000 duemila doo-eh-MEE-lah 10.000 diecimila dee-eh-chee-MEE-lah 15.000 quindicimila kween-dee-chee-MEE-lah 100.000 centomila chen-toh-mee-leh 1.000.000 un milione OON mee-lee-OH-neh 2.000.000 due milioni DOO-eh mee-lee-OH-neh 1.000.000.000 un miliardo OON mee-lee-ARE-doh

Women in the Second World War Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women in the Second World War - Case Study Example While Germany, Italy, and other allies seized majority of Europe, President Roosevelt of the US accepted to back Britain. Concisely, due to the significant booming of the Harbor of Pearl, the US president declared a war through the congress. Consequently, with the declaration of war by President Roosevelt, Hitler responded by declaring war on the US; hence the commencement of WW II (Library of congress, 2011). The exhibition has featured numerous women chosen based on their strength, as well as, variety in the library collections. Significantly, similar to their friends, they concentrated on certain ways in their wartime assignments. This document has selected three from the eight women in order to explore a comparison, as well as, a contrast in order to reveal who was significant in the exhibition. For instance, all women in WW II employed photographs in their elaboration of what happened in the WW II. Accordingly, my document has chosen Therese Bonney, Esther Bubley, and Toni Frissell. Considerably the three women attracted about million viewers with their WW II images. However, they differ significantly because Bonney’s pictures portrayed images of numerours homeless nurses, soldiers in the front line, WACs, afro- American airmen, and numerous orphaned children. In contrast, Bubbley’s images portrayed wartime subjects around the capital of the nation. In addition, her ima ges portrayed the life of the city, especially the boarding houses for workers of the war. It is worth noting that, Bonney’s images reveal that, she could go forth alone and try to establish the truth and bring it back by trying to make the others intermingle with it and act on it. Therefore, she believed that, the emergency of the WW II had significantly threatened civilization in Europe. Consequently, Bonney wanted to reveal that, people would find measures I order to end the war. Another critical point of contrast was Frissell’s desire t

Explain Aristotle's Notion of Substance Research Paper

Explain Aristotle's Notion of Substance - Research Paper Example It will be argued along with Leszl's claim that substance is more than just a category for logic, and that it is really an argument for the nature of being. There is no separating logic from ontology in Aristotle when it comes to substance and it with regard to ontology, substance is that which is constant set against everything else which changes. The context in which "first substance" emerges, concerns the "combination of words, expressions and phrases." (Categories, 1a16). Aristotle first divides these kategoriai of words, expressions and phrases by distinguishing how some predicates are are "present" in a subject, while others are "parts within a whole" (Categories, 1a20), which is marked by a difference between something "which cannot exist apart from the subject referred to", such as an attribute like "whiteness" (Categories, 1a24-1b2), and something which can be attributed but which is not found phenomenally "in a subject", such as predicating the species "man" to an individua l man, as a subject. Aristotle adds that there may also be predicates which can be asserted of a subject, and yet which are neither present physically, or related in a genus-individual relation. These kategoriai he raises as particular or individual expressions with a direct object, or direct reference: "this or that man or horse, for example" (Categories, 1b4), which is a form of predication related to both substance, and the mind, and will be outlined in more detail in the section dealing with De Anima. At this point in the Categories, Aristotle is explicit about this instance of substance as being "primary" (Categories, 1b11-13), and it is therefore a topic which is not a question for the agenda at hand, which are the rules of "combination of words, expressions and phrases"-- or, "secondary substance" (Categories, 1b14). He proceeds at this point to establish further specifications for the rules of predication, such as predicate of a subject, is also a predicate of a substance(Ca tegories, 1b9-15, 1b21-25), and how some predicates may help to differentiate genus's, but not species (Categories, 1b16-20), and finally how "each uncombined word or expression" will be determined by a particular form of possible predicate. Having covered the possible predicates in terms of their forms, relation via genus, species, and how whether the predicate is necessarily "present" in a subject or not, he addresses the criteria itself which determines all of these possible combination's and types of combination's, which is the first important step into substance-- a step which more clearly divides primary from secondary substances, and a division which can be characterized as a division between substance (primary) and subject (secondary). Aristotle gives the simple example that "`Footed', `two-footed' and `winged'" are attributes which are true of genus, but which do not allow for the distinction of a particular species, given that many species possess these attributes.(Categor ies, 1b16-20). Primary substance is more a topic proper to the Physics and Metaphysics, given that actual being and actual beings are the focus, not, as in the Categories with how these beings can be "expressed". As we shall see, the Metaphysics addresses

The Tragedy of Self-Awareness in Native Son Essay Example for Free

The Tragedy of Self-Awareness in Native Son Essay Richard Wright’s Native Son is about the cost of suffering and sacrifices which one man, defined as the Other from the mainstream of society, must pay in order to live as a full human being in a world that denies him the right to live with dignity. As a social being, Bigger Thomas is completely deprived himself because he is unable to find his social and self-esteemed values both in the stunted ghetto life and in the oppression of racist society. Therefore, the only way Bigger can express himself is through violence and rebellion: Wright views Bigger’s tragic destiny as the evidence which directly reflects the violence of a racist society. Eventually, in Native Son, Wight’s accusation is directed toward the systematized oppression applied by the white people, designed to keep the blacks from advancing and attaining their fullest potentialities. Wright’s major purpose in Native Son is to show how tyrannical racist society oppresses the external and internal condition of Bigger Thomas, and how Bigger’s existence is distorted in that oppressive condition. Under the external oppression, black people come to inevitably go through an inner refraction, extremely internalizing the external oppression into the self, at the same time. On that account, self-hatred, shame and impotence are produced. Bigger’s existence, also, is perverted from not only his harsh reality but his own stunted inner-self. Under this dehumanizing condition, he has to be â€Å"a dispossessed and disinherited man,† and has to struggle for his existence even by means of radical violent actions (Wright 466). The deep-rooted discordance induces an inner-refraction, and promotes the fundamental fear of self. That concretely appears in the phase of Bigger who has to observe his family’s suffering, and suffers from confirming his powerlessness. As for Bigger or other black people, fear means poor, incapable and furious. At the same time, fear is an anxious state of mind that he/she is afraid that him/herself is really such a person. This is the heart of the fear that blacks, including Bigger, feel, and that Wright wants to warn of. Similarly, in the case of Bigger, being confronted with the problematic condition, he is unwilling to confirm in his mind that he is valueless: â€Å"Each time he asked himself that question his mind hit a blank wall and he stopped thinking† (Wright 12). In order not to directly see his reality, Bigger suspends his thinking from the unbearable and repetitious everyday-life. Therefore, wastefully he just spends most of time in the trivial matters such as deciding to â€Å"buy a ten-cent magazine, or go to a movie, or go to the poolroom and talk with the gang, or just loaf around† (Wright 13). The following description well shows Bigger’s unconscious desire to look away from a grim reality. He stretched his arms above his head and yawned; his eyes moistened. The sharp precision of the world of steel and stone dissolved into blurred waves. He blinked and the world grew hard again, mechanical, distinct (Wright 16). What Bigger wants is an escape from the â€Å"mechanical† and â€Å"distinct† society (Wright 16). Thus, he wants to see the distinct boundary of society to be blurred even in the short moment of yawning. He feels comfort in the instant moment that sharp distinction of reality is blunt. The comfort, however, offered by temporary optical illusion, vanishes even simply by a blink. This kind of escapist-inclination is also revealed in the cases of Mrs. Thomas or Bigger’s girlfriend, Bessie. Mrs. Thomas retreats into conventional religion because she is unable to handle the harsh reality. Likewise, Bessie is frequently anesthetized by alcohol, swing music, and sex because she is afraid to realize herself, completely trapped by white-centered society. In relation to Bigger, he is momentarily satisfied with constructing his own fantasy: indulging in movies, dreaming of robbing a white-owned store, and playing white, â€Å"referring to a game of play-acting in which he and his friends imitated the ways and manners of white folks† (Wright 17). Everyone in the novel is described literally or figuratively as blind people, from the state’s attorney, Buckley, whose sight is prejudiced by virulent racism, to Mrs. Dalton, whose blindness is actual as well as symbolic. As Brignano states, the world of Native Son is essentially â€Å"a world divided by a color curtain† (38), and no one ever really sees Bigger. Instead, they see what they believe because the blind people are â€Å"seduced by social stereotypes into seeing myth rather than the individual† (Felgar 100). Before Bigger kills Bessie, he rapes her. He is not conscious that he is raping her because the meaning of rape for him is much different from its general notion. When Bessie said to him that â€Å"they’ll say you raped her,† Bigger effaces a physical part from the concept of rape, and he replaces it with a psychological part: Had he raped her? Yes, he had raped her. Every time he felt as he had felt that night, he raped. But rape was not what one did to women. Rape was what one felt when one’s back was against a wall and one had to strike out, whether one wanted to or not, to keep the pack from killing one. He committed rape every time he looked into a white face. He was a long, taut piece of rubber which a thousand white hands had stretched to the snapping point, and when he snapped it was rape. But it was rape when he cried out in hate deep in his heart as he felt the strain of living day by day. That, too, was rape (Wright 227-228). Bigger has no regard to Bessie’s continuous rejection because, for him, rape means both an irresolvable fury toward white people and the ineffaceable humiliation of black life. In addition, because he is completely immersed in his desire to do and to fulfill something, Bessie’s protests are utterly ignored in his consciousness: â€Å"Her voice came to him now from out of a deep, faraway silence and he paid her no heed. The loud demand of the tensity of his own body was a voice that drowned out hers† (Wright 233). Contrary to Bigger’s elated state. Social reality is growing ever more hostile to black people because of his crime. Five thousand policemen are thrown about Black Belt, many windows in the Negro section are smashed, all white schools are scheduled to be closed until the black murderer is captured, and several hundred black employees throughout the city are dismissed from jobs. Especially, Bigger realizes again the blind, inhuman and white-centered attitudes of society after being captured by policemen. At a court room in the Cook Country Morgue, what Bigger comes to feel is not a sense of guilt but rebellion, which arises against the fact that he has to be degraded into the sport for whites even in the moment of confronting death. Bigger think white people have no right to watch and use him for whatever they want: He sensed that in their attitude toward him they had gone beyond hate. He was their eyes gazing at him with calm conviction. Though he could not have put it into wo rds, he felt that not only had they resolved to put him to death, but that they were determined to make his death mean more than a mere punishment; that they regarded him as a figment of that black world which they feared and were anxious to keep under control. The atmosphere of the crowd told him that they were going to use his death as a bloody symbol of fear to wave before the eyes of that black world (Wright 276). Especially, Bigger seriously contemplates himself and the meaning of his life through the conversation with Max. The dialogue makes Bigger perceive relationships between himself and other people that he has never thought of: If that white looming mountain of hate were not a mountain at all, but people, people like himself, and like Jan—then he was faced with a high hope the like of which he had never thought could be, and a despair the full depths of which he knew he could not stand to feel (Wright 361). Faced with impending death, Bigger is aware of why he had to kill other people, and of what he did not know: But really I never wanted to hurt nobody†¦ They was crowding me too close; they wouldn’t give me no room†¦ I was always wanting something and I was feeling that nobody would let me have it†¦ I’ll be feeling and thinking that they didn’t see me and I didn’t see them (Wright 425). â€Å"I didn’t want to kill!† Bigger shouted. â€Å"But what I keeled for, I am!†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"What I killed for must’ve been good! When a man kills, it’s for something†¦. I didn’t know I was really alive in this world until I felt things hard enough to kill for’em†¦. It’s the truth† (Wright 429). Bigger’s statement, â€Å"What I killed for I am!,† shows the awareness of his whole personality (Wright 429). It is not an irresponsible excuse but a painful acknowledgement of himself. Bigger does not assert his violent act of murder is good because he has regretted such violence by realizing, in guilt and horror, how it has hurt many innocent people. Ultimately, Bigger himself comprehends that he has been distorted, alienated and blinded his whole life. Equally, he realizes too much suffering and sacrifices have been paid in order to achieve his self. Apparently, Bigger’s tragedy lies in that he fails to grasp the proper moment of life, recognizing himself as a full human being, and he only comes to grasp that moment on the day of his execution. His awareness is too late. In addition, the total awareness was possible in the condition that all the other opportunities were deprived by confinement in prison except death: Waiting to die, Bigger discards all hopes for living, because he does not have to resist being oppressed by a racist society and to fear being cornered by a harsh environment. What Bigger achieves is not the splendid thing that all the people would try to gladly attain and assimilate. However, Bigger’s desperate struggle to achieve the meaning of his existence cannot be simply considered as a trivial and monstrous thing, even though the achievement has originated from violence and rebellion. Bigger’s self-awareness is important in both personal an social respects. For, in the personal dimension, Bigger continuously attempts to realize his existence, resists not to be a mere environmental victim, and he torturously achieves his inward life that makes him understand other people as well as himself until the last moment of his life. And in the social dimension, the problems of Bigger transcend the limit of race, and present with reconsiderations to think about other oppressed people in society. In the end, the tragedy of Bigger Thomas clearly shows the painful process of self-awareness of one human being who suffers from the oppression of social prejudice, and struggles to find his human value. In Native Son, violence of whites and blacks is directed toward each other. The society, stained with hostility and discrimination, prevents people from realizing their full potential as human beings and excludes them from full and equal participation in society. In such condition, like in the case of Bigger Thomas, self-realization can only come through violence. Finally, the destruction from such violence is mutual: What becomes the tragedy of an individual ultimately leads to the tragedy of society.

Benefits and Limitations of Distance Learning Essay -- Education Educa

Benefits and Limitations of Distance Learning Distance Learning Defined Technology is restructuring many aspects of education. An example of this phenomenon is distance education. Distance learning is defined as " the practice of educating learners who are separated from the teacher or trainer and each other by space, time, or both" (Moller 115). Distance education occurs in a non-classroom setting when students participate in course discussions, exercises, and receive assessment from the instructor by utilizing technology such as video conferencing, audiographics, CD-ROM, and Web-based media (Welsh 41). Furthermore distance learning programs are becoming increasingly popular at academic institutions and corporations. Most importantly these programs are offering learning opportunities for people that are normally restricted by class time and space (McHenry & Bozik 21). Many educators and administrators are beginning to comprehend the impact of distance learning. In fact the American Council on Education predicts there will be more distance learning classes offered. John Noon writes in Syllabus, ‘Distance learning courses are offering students new flexibility in course and even campus selection, causing many institutions to begin redefining themselves’ (McHenry & Bozik 20). For example the University of Phoenix, a for-profit university, offers distance learning classes to 50,000 students spanning 12 states. Additionally Britain’s Open University will align itself with several universities in the United States and will start classes this year (Markel 208). Thus distance education is ‘currently the fastest growing form of domestic and international education’ (Boling & Robinson 169). Annually corporations sp... ...learning classroom design on student perceptions. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45 (4), 5-19. Langford, D. R., & Hardin, S. (1999). Distance learning: Issues emerging as the paradigm shifts. Nursing Science Quarterly, 12 (3), 191-196. McHenry, L. & Bozik, M. (1997). From a distance: Student voices from the interactive video classroom. TechTrends, 42 (6), 20-24. Markel, M. (1999). Distance education and the myth of the new pedagogy. Journal ofBusiness and Technical Communication, 13 (2), 208-222. Moller, L. (1998). Designing communities of learners for asynchronous distance education. Educational Technology Research and Development, 46 (4), 115-122. Welsh, T., M. (1999). Implications of distributed learning for instructional designers:How will the future affect the practice? Educational Technology, 39 (2), 41-45.

Software Engineering Assignments

1.For each of the following documents, indicate in which phse(s) of the software life cycle it is produced: final user manual, architectural design, SQA plan, module specification, source code, statement of work, test plan, preliminary user annual, detailed design, cost estimate, project plan, test report, documentation.2.Order the following tasks in terms of the waterfall model: acceptance testing, project planning, unit testing, requirements review, cost estimating, high level design, market analysis, low-level design, systems testing, design review, implementation, requirement specification.3.How does a phased life cycle model assist software management?SOFTWARE METRICS1.What is McCabe’s cyclomatic number? Determine the same for:2.In Halstead’s metrices, what is the significance of : (i)operators and operands (ii)potential operands, (iii)Length (iv)Estimated length (v)Volume (vi)Potential volume (vii)Implementation Level3.How is effort and time calculated in Halstead method?4.Why is the number of decisions + 1 an important method for calculating McCabe’s cyclomatic no.? (Ans: It would be very time consuming to have to construct the control flow graph for large programs).5.Why is monotonicity an important characteristic of a size or effort metric such as Halstead’s effort metric? (Ans: If adding more code can cause the value of the effort metric to decrease, then the metric’s behavior is not understandable. It may also mean that the metric is manipulated).6.Why is complexity not readily measurable? (Ans: Complexity is not well defined and each one has different interpretation. It is interaction between person and code that makes it difficult to define). 7.Calculate McCabe’s complexity on the following source code. Draw a control flow graph. Read x,y,z;Type = ‘scalene’; If(x= =y or x= =z or y = =x) type = ‘isosceles’; If(x= =y or x= =z) type ‘equilateral’; If(x> =y+z or y > =x+z o r z>= x+y)) type ‘not a triangle’; If(x< =0 or y< =0 or| z

Internet Banking System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3149 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Internet banking system has become widely popular and used among many consumers. There is much debate as to whether internet banking system is secure. This essay argues that client, data transport and banks server are important players in terms of internet banking security. This essay demonstrates some vulnerability of these sections and shows successful solutions. This essay concludes that risks of using internet banking system can be restricted. Introduction Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internet Banking System" essay for you Create order There has been much discussion on the issue of whether banks systems are able to prevent the risks of using the internet that offer to consumers the opportunity to interact with their banking activities. In addition, whether banks customers are ready to start using the internet to access to their banking records. Online Electronic banking systems give customers the opportunity to interact with their banking records. Customers can easily access their banking records and make some activities such as money transfers between users account, retrieving an account balance, retrieving an account history, bills payment, stock market transactions and other activities. As with any other system, E-banking evolves, whereas it starts with Automated Teller Machine (ATM), the first well-known system, which allows the customers to deal with banking services via friendly graphical user interface. The next step, the customers have been managed their accounts by using phone banking. Then, the internet has been provided a new way to both banks systems and customers to interact together by using friendly interface browser. Currently, mobile phones can be used to perform Electronic banking. Hole et al (2006) point out that banks encourage their customers to use online banking to save cost and reduce their employees. He suggests that banks customers seem to believe that internet banking is safe because their banks told them that. However, Claessens et al (2002) estimated that money saving is not the case for banks, while offer 24 hours 7 days online services to the customer with level of security standards is banks trend. This essay attempts to investigate whether online banking has been developing to be generally secure. This essay will argue that in terms of internet banking security, there are three sections play an important role which are client side, data transport (the communication between client and server) and server side. If these sections or one of them have any weaknesses then the data is insecure. However, there is always risk even though these sections are generally secure. In order to demonstrate this, this essay will first describe client side problems and how to overcome these problems. Then the security of the communication between client and server has been discussed. Finally, the essay has been addressed server issues and how these issues are avoided. 1. Client side issues: This section attempts to identify some particular problems in client side security. In order to highlight these problems the internet banking structure is defined. Then, some problems might face users and some solutions to resolve these problems are addressed. In this essay, the term user refers to a physical person while the term client refers to a machine and software for the user. 1.1 Internet banking structure it is clear that there are two parts with respect to internet banking structure: the user and the bank. Once the user has a PC and network connection the most common way to connect with banks server is Web browser, although some banks are offered alternative application, more secure and reliable, to communicate with their clients customers which called stand-alone client/server application (Claessens et al, 2002). He has commented that to avoid clients Web browser problems and vulnerable security, banks often deploy a Java applet so that can be downloaded from banks website. It is widely believed that this applet is a small software code that executes in clients browser and provides extra security. Another advantage of download Java applet is that clients are able to download automatically a new updates of the software (Claessens et al, 2002). In other words, Banks do not need to deploy new updates in old-fashioned way. The standard protocol for communication between the browser and the banks web server that often used is Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS). Claessens et al (2002) have noted that this protocol is used either in stand-alone application or ordinary clients browser to provide security. However, (Hole et at, 2006) point out that there is a weak link between clients browser and Java applet. He has suggested that this weak link might allow attackers or fraudsters to steal users banking account details. Nonetheless, Java applet has been developing to fix vulnerabilities by Netscape lab (Netscape Lab, 2008). Moreover, users often have been advised to install firewall and anti-virus software in their PCs and make sure their anti-virus and firewall are up-to-date. However, there is always risk even thought anti-virus and firewall has been installed such as phishing email scams, Keylogger program and other hazards. Therefore, it seems that Java applet or stand-alone application presents some hazards in internet banking system. 1.2 Phishing email scams and Keylogger programmes Phishing email is a fraudulent email that users are received and ask them to confirm information such as internet banking user ID and password (Hole et al, 2006). The aim of such this email to take the users log in details, either the email is replied log on details by the user or is directed the user to spoof websites and then someone else can access to the user account. Hole et al (2006) point out that this issue subject to controversies between to some who are against using internet banking and others with using internet banking. Another problem that supports people who are against using internet banking is Keylogger programmes (Loscocco, 1998). It can be identified the Keylogger programmes as a virus that can record any presses on the users keyboard. As a result, an attacker can exploit this type of programs to obtain sensitive information. However, it seems reasonable to suggest that frauds exist even in real life not only in the cyber world. Moreover, users can protect themselves against phishing by following the instructions that are given by their banks (Ghosh, 2000). Nonetheless, it is clear that phishing email scams and Keylogger programmes are considered as a serious problem; therefore, it can be affect the security of client. 1.3 Attraction versus security Another problem of internet banking security is that banks systems normally provide minimum levels of security for client side and rely on clients software that is already available (Hole et al, 2006). Hole et al (2006) has also suggested that this makes the internet banking service more attractive, but it might affect the levels of security that this service is offered. Another problem in terms of internet banking security is that typical client platforms are often very vulnerable (Loscocco, 1989). He, therefore, suggests that vulnerable client platform subject to attack more than server platform due to it is the weak link. As, however, is mentioned above up-to-date Java applet or stand-alone application is downloaded from banks website seems to provide extra security. Moreover, hazards of using internet banking should be explained to users. Nonetheless, there is always risk but if security in place can be overcome to a certain extent. 2. Data transport issues This section focuses on the security of the communication between the client and the banks server as an important part in terms of internet banking security. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology in this section is presented. Some other issues such as spoofed web site, Certificate Authority and other issues related to the communication security between the client and the banks server are addressed. 2.1 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) The communication between a client and a server in World Wide Web is inherently insecure (Ghosh, 2000). He has explained that when a message (or packet) travels from source to destination through the internet, it is directed by a number of unknown intermediate sites. Consequently, any invisible intermediary can read, destroy or modify the packet. He has shown that the most common protocol that often used to transfer data is Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control protocol (TCP). Moreover, a combination of TCP/IP is inherently insecure and gives hackers a chance to read datas transmissions between source and destination. Furthermore, TCP/IP does not support data integrity, privacy, confidentiality and non-repudiation. He has estimated that TCP/IP was designed in a simple way to make as sure as possible that it is consistent with most hardware and software which exist in the internet. It provides reliable communication of packets but does not provide security (Ghosh, 2000). Confid ential data should not be sent unless a secure channel is established (Ghosh, 2000). However, Claessens (2002) has demonstrated that Netscape Lab has been working to institute SSL protocol to establish a secure channel for transferred data between Web clients and Web servers. He also shows that SSL is simply another protocol stack which rides on the top of the TCP/IP stack to provide secure communication, authentication of the server and data integrity of the packet. Ghosh (2000) has shown that SSL provides the security by encrypting the data that is sent between a Web client and Web server. He also shows that SSL protocol is attached to the protocol stack to secure the packet against hacking that may occur when the packet is traveling through the internet. He also demonstrates that although any intermediary may be able to see the packet in transmission, the encryption will mix up the data so that cannot be noticed. Nonetheless, SSL provides a secure channel with regard to data communication between client and server but does not secure data that are placed on client and server (Ghosh, 2000). Therefore, although SSL protocol has not been presented a perfect solution, it can prevent the most risks that might be occurred when a data in transmission. 2.2 Certificate Authority In addition to securing the channel between Web client and Web server via encryption, SSL provides servers authentication. This means that when a user hit a banks website, the Web client browser is guaranteed that the server has been certified by a Certification Authority (CA). Claessens et al (2002) has shown certificates are usually built-in with the Web browsers installation. It is clear that the CA approves the identity of the Web server. This means that a user can be sure of the identity of the Web site (or Web server) which they interact with. Ghosh (2000) has demonstrated that in order to support connection security, trust and authentication, a Web site must register with a certification authority that exists on the CAs list in the users browser. Once a Web site is registered and the identity is defined with a CA, the CA then establishes the identity of the web site and private key (Ghosh, 2000). However, Ghosh (2002) has shown that CA endorses only the identity of the Web site and not the content. It is possible that a Web site might be registered with a CA under one name and address whereas it presents itself as another in the content (Ghosh, 2002). To explain more, assume a Web site that registered with a CA under the URL www.hscb.org. A user visiting this site, seeing the banner for HSCB bank and seeing a secure session was established with authentication (e.g. Lock Icon); assume that the Web site is the official HSBC site (www.hscb.com) while the site may be created by an attacker organisation (Ghosh,2000). Ghosh (2002) has demonstrated that although such situations are rarely occurred, it has occurred in practice. Therefore, the hazards are exist in terms of the communication security even though CA attempts to limit it. 2.3 Web spoofing It is possible to use spoofed web site to fool the user (Ghosh, 2000). He has identified that a spoofed web site is a fraudulent web site is designed to appear similar to a legal web site. He also shows that it is usually created by an attacker organisation for the reason that users may visit their web sites by mistake or by mistyping the address. He has also shown another type of Web spoofing that attackers occasionally attempt to attack a banks web site and forward its internet traffic to their own web sites. These web sites are very similar to the official bank web site and then they attempt to take the users banking details. Ghosh (2000) has demonstrated that an attacker organisation has the ability to capture, modify or drop Web requests because Web requests and returned Web pages might be managed by the attacker organisations web sites (see section 2.1). Consequently, all Web requests from a users browser might be watched and altered. Ghosh (2000) has illustrated how the users can be accessed into a shadowy web site as follow: First step, an attacker attempts to attract a user to hit the attacker organisations web site. Once the user has been accessed to attackers Web site, every web site access from the attackers page then can be traced during the same session. However, it seems that users can distinguish this kind of Web spoofing attack by checking the certificate of the Web site. Moreover, users always pay attention to the URLs when they connect with Web sites. Furthermore, banks often make users aware of spoofed Web sites. Nonetheless it seems reasonable to suggest that inexperience user might log on in spoofed web site. Therefore, it is clear that spoofed web site also bring another risk for using internet banking system. 3. Server issues This section focuses especially on the security issues of the banks server as an important player in internet banking system. The methods that use to verify the identity of a client to provide extra security in internet banking service in this section are presented. The banks server problems that may be faced such as Denial-of-Service attack, Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) attack and Brute-force attack are discussed. 3.1 Authentication mechanism The authentication methods that use to authenticate banks server are presented (see section 2.2). However, it seems clear that banks server should also make sure that received data is real and from an authorised client. Ghosh (2000) has shown the two techniques, either one of them or all of them, which are used by banks server to authenticate the client. He has suggested that most banks servers depend on IP address and client host name method to verify the identity of the client. It is widely believed that using IP address and client host name one of the most basic techniques that used to make sure of the identity of client. Ghosh (2000) has shown that banks server can use IP address and client host name to make sure that requests are received from an authorized client by using the Domain Name Services (DNS). The DNS can be used by banks server in order to check that the clients IP address and clients host name that have been sent are identical (Ghosh, 2000). It is often argued that banks server, to provide more authentication, can use DNS table to check that clients IP address agree with clients host name. However, it seems that there is a particular problem in using IP address and client host name technique which can affect the security of banks server as well as it does not present a good level of authentication. The problem, acco rding to Claessens (2002), is that attackers can create a fake host name to fool the banks server. Then, it is possible that banks server allows the attacker to access a sensitive Web page as a trust client. Therefore, this flaw of using IP address and host name technique can cause a significant problem that might affect the security of banks server. Nonetheless, it is clear that banks servers are overcome this problem by using SSL protocol. Claessens (2002) has shown another technique can be used by banks server to verify the clients identity which is user name and password. It can be said that most banks systems rely on user name and password method in order to authenticate the clients identity as well as confirm clients requests. User authentication will start first by creating a database file for authorized users with their user name and password (Ghosh, 2002). He has also shown that in most cases this file is stored in the banks Web server with user names and encrypted passwords to keep it away from an unauthorized user. Moreover, clients user names often are established by internet banking system administrators and then they are allowed their client to choose their secret passwords. However, there are some particular problems in using user name and password method which can affect the security of the internet banking system particularly in terms of the authentication of client. One of these problems is that many us ers often tend to select a password that easy to remember as well as easy to guess such as their mothers name, their middles name or their date of birth (Ghosh, 2002). He has also suggested another problem of using user name and password method which is, a cracker first can create a small software code to hack the banks server for capturing the database file that include the user names and encrypted passwords, and then the cracker can run a password guessing software that use to attempt to guess any users password. It can be suggested that once any passwords are guessed, it can be used to access an banks customer account, what are probably, change the password or even worse transfer money to an unknown party. Nonetheless, it is often argued that users are often advised to pick a complicated password that might contain a mixture of numbers and character which is hard to be guessed. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay has argued that despite the security problems and hazards it has been presented of using the internet to perform banking transactions, users, banks and computer security experts have significantly involved to practice security methods against the people who look behind the shoulder. As with any system, internet banking system has developed to meet security requirements despite the difficulties it faces. Therefore, it is clear that although practicing sensitive activities through the internet such as internet banking activities might bring many risks to banks and users, these risks can be limited to a certain extent. Issues of internet security have long been a problem for governments, organisations and even individuals as it is a mouse and cat game between legal organisations and illegal organisations. However, it is clear that this game will not finish until a great solution is presented in the future. References [1] Claessens, J Dem, V De Cock, D 2002 , On the Security of Todays: Online Electronic Banking Systems. [2] Ghosh, K 2000, E-Commerce Security: Weak Links, Best Defenses. [3] Hole, J Moen, V Tjostheim, T 2007 , Case Study: Online Banking Security. [4] Loscocco, A 1998 , The Flawed Assumption of Security in Modern Computing Environment. [5] Netscape Lab 2008 , www.netscape.com [6] Smith, D 2006 , Exploring Security and comfort issues associated with online banking.